Pablo Picassos Gruernica Essay examples - 914 Words

In 1937, Pablo Picasso depicts an epic event in history in his Guernica using visual symbolism, line, space, light and color which advocates to the observer the truth behind the subject matter of the artwork itself. The line used leads to specific images to tell the story; the space throughout the work is filled with many jagged and sharp shapes with an odd use of positive and negative space. The light and color illuminate the actual scene. Knowing and understanding how the artist uses these three fundamental tools will guide us to the meaning and logic of the artwork. Pablo Picassos use of line gives a sense of direction almost as key to unlock the meaning of the artwork. In our culture we read from left to write. The artist†¦show more content†¦Now combined with the images of the candle, the light fixture and the horse we gather that, by definition, the horse is the most economically important domesticated animal and was diminished due to mechanization. The candle next to the light shows us a change in technology, advocating the death of the horse with a spear in the side, as the destruction of Spains cultural origins. Finally we see the horse leading us back to the bull where between both heads we see the spirit flying away alerting us that soul and spirit is being ripped away, that death is coming no matter if it is in a bull fight or a battle, everything that lives will die. Picassos use of space in this masterpiece leads to similar conclusions to pain, suffering and the eventual death of an ancient city or any living thing. This piece is extremely vivid and the use of space used is probably breaking all the rules of art, but if we think about what we are actually seeing we are not really looking at just art, we are looking at inhumane events in the world and it almost holds an obligation to exploit the boundaries of art to get the desired effect which the artist has done intentionally. Most art works contains non busy and busy areas which are proportional to one another but in life we know that the main focus in the real world is all the chaos and that there is no balance just that tunnel vision effect of the awe stricken horror. Even in the use of light and color Picasso conveys the

Essay foolear Importance of the Fool in Shakespeares...

Importance of the Fool in King Lear William Shakespeares genius came from how closely he intertwined the two seemingly mutually exclusive realms to appeal to all socio-economic groups in his audience. The character of the Fool provides the closest intercourse of the two realms between King Lears royalty and Poor Toms poverty, while still maintaining their separation. The Fools role in King Lear was to counteract the Kings follies in order to bring him to his senses. With his honesty, wit, and clever wordplay that interweave foreshadowing and practical advice, the Fool entertains not only the King, but the audience as well, and brings some light and humour into this tragedy. All the characters in King Lear, apart from the†¦show more content†¦In the same scene the Fool also mentions, thou madest thy daughters thy mother, meaning that Lear has made his daughters his parents (line 168-169). One should perceive that in this first Act the Fool appears and speaks of reality to the King who was blinded by flatteries of his evil daughters. He tacitly insinuates through his actions and statements that Lear is among the company of fools, which provides the hint of foreshadowing the audience needs to know that Lear is losing his wits. However, where was the Fool when the King made his decision to divide the kingdom? Obviously the King did not think it was important for the Fool to be employed in political or family matters. Important matters as such were none of his business. Thus, the Fool did not have any influence over Kings decision and therefore, over the major plot of the play. In the following scene the Fool tries to convince Lear of his mistake again and informs him that Regan will, ...taste as like this as a crab does to a crab, meaning that Regan and Goneril are of the same nature and that there is no need for him to go to her after Goneril has rejected his knights (Act1, Scene 5, line 18). However, this does not stop the King from going to meet with his other daughter. The Fool again had no influence over Kings actions and he follows

The Rise of Communism in Russia Essay Example For Students

The Rise of Communism in Russia Essay Unless we accept the claim that Lenin’s coup gave birthto an entirely new state, and indeed to a new era in the history ofmankind, we must recognize in today’s Soviet Union the old empire of theRussians — the only empire that survived into the mid 1980’s (Luttwak,1). In their Communist Manifesto of 1848, Karl Marx and FriedrichEngels applied the term communism to a final stage of socialism in whichall class differences would disappear and humankind would live inharmony. Marx and Engels claimed to have discovered a scientificapproach to socialism based on the laws of history. They declared thatthe course of history was determined by the clash of opposing forcesrooted in the economic system and the ownership of property. Just asthe feudal system had given way to capitalism, so in time capitalismwould give way to socialism. The class struggle of the future would bebetween the bourgeoisie, who were the capitalist employers, and theproletariat, who were the workers. The struggle would end, according toMarx, in the socialist revolution and the attainment of full communism(Groiler’s Encyclopedia). Socialism, of which Marxism-Leninism is a takeoff, originatedin the West. Designed in France and Germany, it was brought into Russiain the middle of the nineteenth century and promptly attracted supportamong the country’s educated, public-minded elite, who at that time werecalled intelligentsia (Pipes, 21). After Revolution broke out overEurope in 1848 the modern working class appeared on the scene as a majorhistorical force. However, Russia remained out of the changes thatEurope was experiencing. As a socialist movement and inclination, theRussian Social-Democratic Party continued the traditions of all theRussian Revolutions of the past, with the goal of conquering politicalfreedom (Daniels 7). As early as 1894, when he was twenty-four, Lenin had become arevolutionary agitator and a convinced Marxist. He exhibited his newfaith and his polemical talents in a diatribe of that year against thepeasant-oriented socialism of the Populists led by N.K. Mikhiaiovsky(Wren, 3). While Marxism had been winning adherents among the Russianrevolutionary intelligentsia for more than a decade previously, aclaimed Marxist party was bit organized until 1898. In that year acongress of nine men met at Minsk to proclaim the establishment of theRussian Social Democratic Worker’s Party. The Manifesto issued in thename of the congress after the police broke it up was drawn up by theeconomist Peter Struve, a member of the moderate legal Marxist groupwho soon afterward left the Marxist movement altogether. The manifestois indicative of the way Marxism was applied to Russian conditions, andof the special role for the proletariat (Pipes, 11). The first true congress of the Russian Social DemocraticWorkers’ Party was the Second. It convened in Brussels in the summer of1903, but was forced by the interference of the Belgian authorities tomove to London, where the proceedings were concluded. The SecondCongress was the occasion for bitter wrangling among the representativesof various Russian Marxist Factions, and ended in a deep split that wasmainly caused by Lenin — his personality, his drive for power in themovement, and his hard philosophy of the disciplined partyorganization. At the close of the congress Lenin commanded a temporarymajority for his faction and seized upon the label Bolshevik (Russianfor Majority), while his opponents who inclined to the soft or moredemocratic position became known as the Mensheviks or minority(Daniels, 19). Though born only in 1879, Trotsky had gained a leading placeamong the Russian Social-Democrats by the time of the Second partyCongress in 1903. He represented ultra-radical sentiment that could notreconcile itself to Lenin’s stress on the party organization. Trotskystayed with the Menshevik faction until he joined Lenin in 1917. Fromthat point on, he acomidated himself in large measure to Lenin’sphilosophy of party dictatorship, but his reservations came to thesurface again in the years after his fall from power (Stoessinger, 13). .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4 , .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4 .postImageUrl , .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4 , .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4:hover , .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4:visited , .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4:active { border:0!important; } .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4:active , .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4 .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua7593ec33f6d08c0dd1adfd3ebe8cdc4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: League Of Nations Essay In the months after the Second Congress of the Social DemocraticParty Lenin lost his majority and began organizing a

Study Notes Lord of the Flies Essay Example

Study Notes: Lord of the Flies Essay All of adult male will destruct itself. Proving this is William Golding’s intent in composing The Lord of the Flies . a narrative about a group of male childs stranded on a abandoned island. When the boy’s priorities clang. a war breaks out between supporter Ralph and shortsighted antagonist Jack. who alternatively of being rescued would instead run. The battle for power between them shortly turns to violence. Golding uses these male childs as a scaled down theoretical account of what the universe is like at war. Golding utilizations symbolism enunciation and fable in The Lord of the Flies to turn out that adult male. non natural causes. will take to his ain death. Symbolism is the most prevailing protagonist of Golding’s intent in The Lord of the Flies . The character of The Godhead of the Flies . which is really merely a hogs caput impaled on a stick sharpened at both terminals is representative of the Satan as shown in the quotation mark The Lord of the Flies is a interlingual rendition of the Hebrew [ Beelzebub ] †¦suggested name for the Satan ( Golding. 205 ) . This quotation mark. coming from the notes subdivision in the dorsum of the text gives a good illustration of symbolism in straight saying the name of the character and rubric of the book are really a name for the Satan. Another character in the book is Simon. the antonym of the pig’s caput ; he is the Christ figure in the book. Simon. an embryo mystic†¦fights with all his lame power against the message of†¦the human capacities for evil†¦the cognition of the terminal of innocence ( Golding. 207 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Study Notes: Lord of the Flies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Study Notes: Lord of the Flies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Study Notes: Lord of the Flies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Christ’s realisation of wickednesss power drove him to decease. The same is true for Simon. The Lord of the Flies opens Simon’s eyes to the defect of human immorality and this leads to Simons decease. Another powerful symbol in The Lord of the Flies is the conch. The conch is really merely a big shell. that when blown into makes a loud noise. but what it represents are the regulations and order that they had back place. When Jack and his folk of biguns interruptions off they do non denounce the regulations them egos but instead they denounce the conch because it symbolizes the regulations. When Ralph is pleading for the biguns to hold some common sense and believe about being rescued and non merely about runing an being barbarians he says †¦I’ve got the conch ( Golding. 150 ) . Jack replies †¦the conch doesn’t count on this terminal of the island . Jack says this to acquire every bit much power as he can while organizing his new folk. Golding uses these and many other illustrations of symbolism to turn out his point. Another manner Golding proves his point of human suicide is through enunciation. He uses first-class word pick to convey temper and scene. Golding does a great occupation of distinguishing between force and beauty through enunciation. While Simon. Jack. and Ralph are trekking through the forests to find if the island truly is an island they come upon a beautiful glade in the forests. Simon comments on some of the flowers †¦like tapers. Candle shrubs. Candle buds ; the shrubs were dark evergreen. and aromatic†¦Jack slashed at one with his knife†¦ ( Golding. 30 ) . Golding could hold used sliced or cut but he chose slashed because it is a peculiarly violent word. and helps us understand Jack’s personality.

Common Peasants of the Middle essays

Common Peasants of the Middle essays The Common peasants of the Middle Ages had a rough and tedious life, many peasants were separated from their family among them included: sons, daughters, and wives as well as many peasants suffered from severe illnesses from disease they could not treat because they did not have the money nor the status to afford or see a doctor. Throughout the Middle Ages the peasants lived a rough life. Just the term "peasants" had the status of meaning to be under all the other classes; These were the lowest class of people someone could be. The peasants always worked for the higher class like the King and Queen. That was not the worst part of being a peasant. They rarely were around their family because usually the family is split up into different parts. You can't hardly have a women working the fields or the children hunting for the meat; that would bring down the production and efficiency. The Common peasants of the Middle Ages had a very tedious life. Many peasants suffered diseases and none had the money or the status to afford or see a doctor. They had little or no reason to live since they were always working for the higher The peasants had no real power nor authority in any matter. During times of war they could be called upon to do battle and if they refused, they would be killed. The peasants were forced to live in small crude huts and they had rough straw mats to sleep on. Their daily consumed dietary supplement included black bread, eggs, poultry, and vegetables; though the meat was rarely eaten since they did not have the money to buy it. They could not live off of the land and hunt the animals because it was illegal; hunting on the Lords land was a very strict rule and no peasant could impose on the Lord's game. The Lords were the overseers of the peasants and ...

Definition of the Biology Prefix Eu-

Definition of the Biology Prefix Eu- The prefix (eu-) means good, well, pleasant or true. It is derived from the Greek eu meaning well and eus meaning good. Examples Eubacteria (eu-bacteria) - kingdom in the bacteria domain. Bacteria are considered to be true bacteria, distinguishing them from archaebacteria. Eucalyptus (eu-calyptus) - a genus of evergreen tree, commonly called gum trees, that are used for wood, oil, and gum. They are so named because their flowers are well (eu-) covered (calyptus) by a protective cap. Euchromatin (eu-chroma-tin) - a less compact form of chromatin found in the cell nucleus. Chromatin decondenses to allow DNA replication and transcription to occur. It is called true chromatin because it is the active region of the genome. Eudiometer (eu-dio-meter) - an instrument designed to test the goodness of air. It is used to measure gas volumes in chemical reactions. Euglena (eu-glena) - single-celled protists with a true nucleus (eukaryote) that have characteristics of both plant and animal cells. Euglobulin (eu-globulin) - a class of proteins known as true globulins because they are soluble in saline solutions but insoluble in water. Eukaryote (eu-kary-ote) - organism with cells containing a true membrane bound nucleus. Eukaryotic cells include animal cells, plant cells, fungi and protists. Eupepsia (eu-pepsia) - describes good digestion due to having the appropriate amount of pepsin (gastric enzyme) in gastric juice. Euphenics (eu-phenics) - the practice of making physical or biological changes in order to address a genetic disorder. The term means good appearance and the technique involves making phenotypic changes that dont alter a persons genotype. Euphony (eu-phony) - agreeable sounds that are pleasing to the ear. Euphotic (eu-photic) - relating to the zone or layer of a body of water that is well lit and receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis to occur in plants. Euplasia (eu-plasia) - the normal condition or state of cells and tissues. Euploid (eu-ploid) - having the correct number of chromosomes that corresponds to an exact multiple of the haploid number in a species. Diploid cells in humans have 46 chromosomes, which is twice the number found in the haploid gametes. Eupnea (eu-pnea) - good or normal breathing that is sometimes referred to as quiet or unlabored breathing. Eurythermal (eu-ry-thermal) - having the ability to tolerate a wide range of environmental temperatures. Eurythmic (eu-rythmic) - having a harmonious or pleasing rhythm. Eustress (eu-stress) - a healthy or good level of stress that is considered beneficial. Euthanasia (eu-thanasia) - the practice of ending a life in order to alleviate suffering or pain. The word literally means a good death. Euthyroid (eu-thyroid) - the condition of having a well functioning thyroid gland. In contrast, having an overactive thyroid is known as hyperthyroidism and having an underactive thyroid is known as hypothyroidism. Eutrophy (eu-trophy) - the state of being healthy or having well balanced nutrition and development. Euvolemia (eu-vol-emia) - the state of having the proper amount of blood or fluid volume in the body.

Early Formation of Our Government The United States of America Essay

Early Formation of Our Government The United States of America - Essay Example The other was the belief in covenants. Puritans believed that covenants existed not only between God and man, but also between man and man. The Pilgrims had used covenants in establishing their congregations in the Old World. The Mayflower Compact is such a covenant in that the settlers agreed to form a government and be bound by its rules. X: A new tax was imposed on all the American colonists in 1765, which is known as the stamp act. This act states that all the American colonists should pay a tax on every piece of printed paper. The reason of the tax is to defend and protect the American frontier near the Appalachian Mountains, where 10, 000 troops were stationed to accomplish the task. "The actual cost of the Stamp Act was relatively small. What made the law so offensive to the colonists was not so much its immediate cost but the standard it seemed to set. In the past, taxes and duties on colonial trade had always been viewed as measures to regulate commerce, not to raise money". X: Yep, July 4, 1776 was the day when the unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America was passed. It is also considered the Independence day of America. The struggle which was started in the start of the eighteenth century was come to the end at a positive note. In a nutshell, Americans did a lot to get the independence from the colonists, who were not loyal to the people of North

Rights of the Accused Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rights of the Accused - Essay Example The chief controversy regarding â€Å"due process of law† rests on the Supreme Court’s application of the clause within the Fourteenth Amendment to pertain to guarantees contained in the Bill of Rights to states via the process of â€Å"incorporation† (Ramen, 2001). As such, the application of â€Å"liberty† relates to liberties and procedures outlined within the Bill of Rights, plus other rights, liberties, and conditions that may not necessarily be found within the Bill of Rights (Shea, 2011).   The â€Å"due process† clause guarantees that individuals accused of perpetrating crimes should be awarded a fair trial (Holmes & Ramen, 2012). The rights entail right to a jury trial, a presumption of innocence the prosecutors expected to prove guilt â€Å"beyond reasonable doubt (the utmost standard of attestation that exists within the legal system), the right to be indicted by a grand jury (5th), the right to counsel (6th), the right to a speedy and public trial, safeguard from brutal and extraordinary punishment (8th), the right against self-incrimination (5th) and protection from double-jeopardy (5th). Other â€Å"due process† guarantees encompass the right of the accused persons to face their accusers (6th), and the right to become aware of the charges against the defendant (6th) (Wilson, 2009).   The principle of the 4th Amendment is to refuse the Federal Government the power to conduct arbitrary searches and seizure of property. The Fifth Amendment demands that a citizen cannot be accused of a serious crime devoid of a grand jury investigation, besides outlawing double jeopardy (Ramen, 2001).

Pc vs Mac Essay Example for Free

Pc vs Mac Essay Which do you prefer? Many people are quick to choose a mac over a pc. But few take these variables into consideration. Pc’s run off a better, more reliant operating system, cheaper and better quality parts, and is compatible with a wide variety of software and games that the mac’s operating system cannot read. Before you chose read the essay, you might have a change of heart. Why might a person chose a pc over a mac and what kind of person does that make him? The Windows 7 operating system blows the mac’s operating system â€Å"Mountain Lion† out of the water. For starters the mac’s operating system is not as user friendly as its competitor Windows 7. Many people grew up with Windows and were taught how to work under that operating system. So the interface of Mountain Lion might seem counterintuitive. For example, the mac’s tricolor windows management buttons (red, yellow, and green) don’t work how you’d expect them to. When hitting the red button to close an application the application doesn’t actually close. It closes the window but the application is still running in the background taking up valuable space on your RAM. RAM stands for Random Access Memory and is one of the most important parts of your computer. The RAM’s main purpose is multitasking, the ability to run several programs and applications at a given time. So a user that is not familiar with the mac’s operating system would never know that their ability to multitask is hindered due to the unknowingly running application. Taking a look at another key component of the Windows 7 and Mountain Lion’s operating system is the dock and taskbar. The dock and taskbar is found at the bottom of the screen on both operating systems. Even the most ill-informed user knows what purpose the dock and task bar serves. The purpose is to launch applications easily and quickly. Both the dock and taskbar are customizable so the user can put whatever application or software that he/she uses most often. The Windows 7 taskbar and the mac’s dock are almost identical in appearances except for the size and positioning of the thumb nail shortcuts. In my opinion the mac’s dock is too cluttered and is hard to see what applications you currently have running on your computer. The Windows 7 taskbar is much more user friendly, clean and well organized; I have no problem seeing what I have running. The ability to multitask is very beneficial. Like I mentioned earlier RAM is a key component in what allows you to multitask. The more RAM you have and the better quality or speed of the RAM will determine how fast you can run application and how easily you can navigate them. RAM is very important in the ability to multitask but without the tools to do so RAM is pretty much useless. Think of it this way, the operating system is an outlet and the RAM is one of the many plugs. Each operating system comes with its own built in hot keys to activate shortcuts. A hot key is a combination of keys that provides quick access to a particular function. For example, Windows 7 Alt + Tab show you every application that is currently opened and gives you the option to switch between them. This allows for a very easy way to navigate between applications. Mac has a similar tool called mission control. Which with a hot key of your choosing let’s you view all of the applications that is currently opened. Windows 7 also has a feature that is extremely user friendly. It’s a feature that anybody that has used a pc or laptop running Windows 7 is familiar with. It’s called the snap feature. If the user wanted to view two applications or webpages at the same time he/she could just slap the application against the left or right side of the screen to resize it to fit exactly the left or right portion of your monitor. I personally use this feature all of the time when writing a paper that requires research. I have the application word taking up the right half of my monitor and whatever source I’m using for my research taking up the left half. This eliminates constantly having to switch between the two. The mac’s operating system does not have a feature like this. So in my opinion multitasking is much easier on Windows 7 rather than the mac’s Mountain Lion. As humans the number one contributing factor in what we buy is price and quality, â€Å"getting the most bang for your buck†. This is where pc’s shines. Mac’s are notorious for being extremely overpriced. The cost to quality of the product ratio is skewed in favor of the cost. But don’t take my word for it; let me give you an example. I looked up the cost of an iMac desktop computer and the specs of the computer off of Apple. com. I also looked up a random desktop computer running Windows 7 off of Dell. com and compared the two. The cost of the iMac is $1,300 and the specs are as follows; a 2. 7GHz quad core Intel core i5 processor, 8GB of 1600MHz RAM, and a 1 TB hard drive. The cost of the desktop off of Dell is $499. 99 and the specs are as follows; a 3. 2GHz quad core Intel core i5 processor, 8GB of 1600MHz RAM, and a 1 TB hard drive. Before I talk about the comparison ill briefly explain what the specs mean. The Intel i5 core is the processor that is on each computer and the GHz is how the speed of the processor is measured. The 1600MHz is the speed of the RAM that is on each computer. TB stands for Terabyte which is 1,000 GB or Gigabytes. So first let’s look at the similarities, both the iMac and desktop each have 8 gigs of 1600MHz RAM, a 1 TB hard drive, and they both have 4 cores. Now let’s look at where they differ. They both have the same brand of processor (Intel) and both are i5’s but the speeds are different. The iMac’s speed is 2. 7GHz compared to the desktops speed of 3. 2GHz, a difference of . 5 GHz. So after looking at the comparison as a whole both the iMac and Dell desktop are pretty similar except for the difference of the . 5GHz in favor of the desktop. So if both computers are pretty similar with the desktop being slightly better then why does the iMac cost $1,300 and the desktop cost $499. 99? It’s simple, because of the brand name. Apple can charge outrageous prices for an inferior product just because it has an apple on it and people will buy it, yet another reason why pc’s are better than mac’s. Also pc’s are cheaper because you can build your own! Unlike a mac you can build your own pc from scratch. You can buy every individual part including the tower and assemble it yourself. I’m sure you’re asking yourself, â€Å"Why would I want to build my computer when I could just buy it in one piece off the bat†? When buying the computer not assembled it’s much cheaper than buying it in one piece. When buying a computer fully assembled you’re paying for that luxury in labor costs. I myself have built my pc. I spend in total around $2500 on my pc and I bought each part individually. If I were to buy my computer fully assembled with the same parts and specs it would of cost me around $4500. So by spending a couple hours assembling the parts I saved $2000. There is no option in buying a mac in individual parts as it is too complex to build yourself without the assistance of machinery, yet another example on how pc’s are more user friendly than mac’s. Another reason to buy a pc over a mac is compatibility. For all those gamers out there a pc is for you! If you are a gamer than you probably know about steam if not let me explain. Steam is the biggest online retailer of pc games. They’re tens of thousands of games that are just a click away from being able to download and play. All of these games are only compatible for the Windows operating system. I’m sure there is similar websites for mac users but I guarantee that it won’t have even close to the selection that steam has. So if you’re a serious gamer there is no question, buy a pc. The result is the same if your look at the available apps you can download for each operating system. There are a decent number of apps available for Mountain Lion but there are thousands more on Windows. If you’re wondering why there is a much larger selection for Windows the answers simple, demand. The number of pc users far outweighs the number of mac users so this creates more demand to make games, software, and apps formatted for the Windows operating system. Sony Vegas is an example of a major piece of software that is only available Windows users and cannot be run on a mac. Now there are some downsides to having such a large amount of software, apps, games, and other downloadable content available to you. The downside is Windows users are much more susceptible to downloading a virus. It’s a good thing that Windows has advanced malware and virus protection such as Norton, Bitdefender, Kaspersky, and my personal favorite Avast. Those are just a few examples there are many more that will suite your needs. These virus protection programs will protect your computer from most if not all viruses. Throughout this essay I have expressed my opinion on whether to buy a pc or mac. I believe that the Windows operating system and pc is and forever will be superior to Mountain Lion and mac. I hope this essay will help people that are on the fence about buying a mac or pc. I hope this essay pushes you onto the correct side, the pc side! But that’s just my opinion, and many others. So which do you prefer?

Essay --

Over the course of a lifetime many individuals do not get the chance to reach 100 years old. There are many environmental influences as well as human behaviors that contribute to one’s expected life span. Citizens in today’s society are working towards extending their natural life. One’s personal health, well-being and overall life course are a few factors that play a major role in the aging process. This document is a biography of 100 year old Porcha Petteway’s life course. Personal data, accomplishments, professional agencies, jobs and careers held will be discussed. People she helped, her legacy, life during her senior years and daily regiments that assisted in reaching 100 will also be conversed. Finally, her end of life journey, activeness during her senior years along with contributing environmental influences and behaviors that extended her life span will also be revealed. Porcha Petteway was an African American female and devoted Christian with many accomplishments in her lifetime. An autobiography has been written detailing what life was like for her with an emphasis in her senior years. It is the year 2084 and Porcha Petteway has passed away at the age of 100. Up until the day she passed Porcha was married to her husband for 73 years. They had two children together both girls. The life event of marriage allowed her to obtain many financial resources than those of the single population. Being married allowed Porcha to participate in private pension plans due to their lifetime income being combined and much higher than usual. She was able to live a life full of greater satisfaction as an advantage of being married. As Porcha entered old age her family structure remained rich, certain, close and tight knit. She had an unp... ...self is to not stress over things beyond her control. There are many environmental influences as well as human behaviors that contribute to one’s expected life span. Health and lifestyle are two major factors that play a role in determining what life would be like during the senior years of life. There are many advantages to having a strong social support network that consists of caregivers paid and unpaid. Seniors with this tend to live longer, remain independent and stay active in their later years. Citizens in today’s society are living longer due to technology, medications and an overall healthier lifestyle. Many reach the age of 100 but the maximum human life span is 120 years old. One’s personal data, career choices, environmental influences and amount of active interactions will determine how those of the older population will experience the aging process.

Joe Christmas Essay

In the pursuit of an excellent account of racial and gender discrimination, William Faulkner and Jean Toomer both have significantly incorporated the strength of female characters that persist to have a depth in the soul of every story they created. William Faulkner’s Light in August is a novel of intense reflection on the issues of hatred for racial and gender identity in the South and the restricting beliefs of a Calvinistic religion. Considered as one of his best novels, the story depicts the orphan life of Joe Christmas, who thinks of himself as having a part-black blood because of a confusing historical descent. This vague past takes him into a rebellious and self-destructive journey towards self-discovery, eventually leading in his defeat caused by a devastating affair with a spinster named Joanna Burden. Joanna Burden portrays an in-depth character in the life of Joe Christmas and in the story as a whole. To begin with, Joanna is a middle-aged civil rights activist and spinster from the North who is known to have lived alone for time immemorial. A stranger to her fellow town folks, she continues to struggle for a better condition of the Negroes in the town of Jefferson since her father and grandfather were dedicated individuals to liberating the Negroes. People then accuse her as a lover of black men. This idea of social responsibility is passed on to Joanna until her growing up years. Initially described as pro-Negroes, the character of Joanna presents some surprising twists when she finds herself in a two-year relationship with Joe. Already tortured about his past, Joe is disappointed as he realizes that Joanna fails to accept him for his confusing black-white descent. Joanna’s indifference toward Joe’s ancestry seems to have contradicted her image as an advocate of Negro rights. During her fulfilling experience of sex with Joe, she particularly cries out his black race, obviously making such distinction in Joe’s bloodline: â€Å"Negro! Negro! Negro! † (Faulkner 260). Along the way when Joanna is finally feeling tired of this sexual experience with Joe, her voice depicted as â€Å"still, monotonous, sexless† (Faulkner 281), knowing that she is passed the phase of sexuality. Her confusion starts to overcome her whole being. She begins demanding for him to change his lifestyle. She asks him to get a job, pursue his educated, and most of all, to pray. Suddenly, Joe, too, feels disappointed on the turn-out of the relationship: â€Å"It was as though he had fallen into a sewer†¦ the sewer ran only by night† (Faulkner 256). But Joe refuses to pray, and Joanna decides to kill him: Over her nightdress she wore a shawl drawn down across her breast†¦ he saw her arms unfold and her right hand come forth from beneath the shawl. It held an old style†¦ revolver almost as long and heavier than a small rifle. But the shadow of it and of her arm and hand on the wall did not waver at all, the dow of both monstrous, the cocked hammer monstrous, back-hooked and viciously poised like the arched head of a snake†¦ (Faulkner 282). The climax of her plan only fails when the gun did not fire at him. Joanna is a definite example of two opposing ideas, of an irony that kills a society during that time. She is a living witness to two races that refuse to be linked to one another. She is an advocator and at the same time, a destroyer of the black race that her family has gone to love and stand up for. Much like the old Doc Hines, Joanna’s attempt to bring down Joe is perhaps more dangerous since hers is an attempt to erase Joe’s individuality and roots. On the other hand, Jean Toomer’s Fern, from the book collection of Cane, is in the beginning a representation of a beautiful and misunderstood black woman named Fernie May Rosen. However, the profound depiction of Fern is not only woman in such case, rather a lost identity of a nation and its people. In Toomer’s story, note how the narrator stresses on Fern’s Jewish descent: â€Å"Her nose was aquiline, Semitic. If you have heard a Jewish cantor sing, (14)†¦But at first sight of her I felt as if I heard a Jewish cantor sing. As if his singing rose above the unheard chorus of a folk-song†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (15). Fern is the ultimate epitome of the all-American race, and so is the salvation of humankind. She is the racial heritage that Toomer seeks to identify with in his pursuit for artistic expression. Also, some critics say that the story is more than a description of an inner spiritual experience of Fern with the narrator in the context of rural South. Instead, they both witness an experience in which the unreal border of self and the other subside. In the story, Fern is at first described as an easy woman whom black men find no happiness being with. Fern is described as being ignored by the white men in her society, just like Toomer’s personal experience of artistic and cultural dissatisfaction in a white community. And because of this, Toomer is fascinated by Fern’s character and the idea of it. Yet, a change of fate takes them in a mysterious longing for her beauty, especially the white male narrator of the story. The case is not with the blacks as victims of racial isolation, but instead the whites who are suffering from not having been a part of Fern. The narrator states that, â€Å"She did not deny them, yet the fact was that they were denied. A sort of superstition crept into their consciousness of her being somehow†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Toomer 14). Fern is the image of a sorrowful soul of the browbeaten minority, yet simply unattainable. She exemplifies the beautiful cultural identity that is difficult to maintain in a contemporary setting, the ancestral lineage that becomes vague with multi-cultural interactions and birthing lost in the passing of time. The ending of the story describes Fern as all the more mystified with the failing of any kind of understanding and hope for the world around her, her voice that nobody can understand until she faints. The readers are given a view of Fern to display a beauty as hers exists, but that is all. Both Faulkner and Toomer are obviously immersed on the issues of racial and gender discrimination as clearly symbolic in their female characters. In their roles, they pose as grave threats to the unending search of men to find personal identity in a discriminating society. They also present them as crazy and misunderstood women condemned by male-dominated culture. However, they eventually become icons of beauty for men to behold, which is vividly illustrated in Fern’s story: â€Å"Men are apt to idolize†¦ that which they cannot understand, especially if it be a woman† (Toomer 16). Another thing as a common ground for Faulkner and Toomer is how they showcase the theme of mankind’s inability to complement the soul, mind, and body through the eyes of a female character. Women, in their pursuit to find happiness and be accepting of its society, fail miserably in the arms of their so-called lovers. Despite the disparity of ways in interpreting these critical writings, the readers would delve inside the stories of its characters and come to a point of realization that both Faulkner and Toomer’s female characters are embodiment of the neglected and exhausted beauty of the dying black community, constantly struggling to find its way to achieving peace and harmony in an ever-changing world that is too complex to live in and understand. Or, simply say that these writings are lucid representations of the inescapable truth that lies in any man’s shared and sad destiny. Works Cited Faulkner, William. Light in August. Vintage Books: New York, 1959. Toomer, J. â€Å"Fern†. Cane. Liveright Publishing: New York, 1993. 14-17

Paper Tigers

Paper tigers Bianca 01 All our lives we are told succeed. To do something meaningful with our lives. To be the very best that we can be. But how do we achieve this satisfaction of a personal achievement? What are the key factors to help us succeed? And why are some unable to achieve such success. We keep such strong ties within our ego centered networks and this will restrict from developing the social skills we need to break through our own bamboo ceilings.Risks need to be taken, social interaction needs to happen, and you need to be the best of the best. Wesley Yangs writing, â€Å"Paper Tigers†, shows how Asian Americans are unable to achieve this high success that they want to achieve. We can take his advice written for Asian Americans and intertwine it with ideas from Malcom Gladwell and his writing, â€Å"Small Change†, and Rebekah Nathan's writing â€Å"Community and Diversity'. With insight from all three of these writers, we can achieve that success we all lon g for. At a young age, we were told to always listen to an authoritative figure.To not speak up and to keep our opinions to ourselves. Wesley Yang makes note of how this affects Asian Americans from advancing in the real world. He writes, â€Å"So let's say I go to meetings with you and I notice you never say anything. And I ask myself, ‘hmm, I wonder why you're not saying anything. Maybe it's because you don't know what we're talking about. That would be a good reason for not saying anything. Or maybe it's because you're not even interested in the subject matter. Or maybe you think the conversation is beneath you.So here I'm thinking, because you never say anything at meetings that you're either dumb, you don't care or you're arrogant. When maybe it's because you were taught when you were growing up that when the boss is talking, what are you supposed to be doing? Listening† (541). Being taught to listen, we listen. We do not ask questions that would help lead us on to success. We need to break away from these strong ties that we hold so close to us. They keep us from going the extra mile. Yes, we don't need to get rid of them completely. Paper Tigers By bduarte1211

USS Idaho BB-42 World War II Battleships

USS Idaho BB-42 World War II Battleships USS Idaho  (BB-42)   Overview Nation:  United StatesType:  BattleshipShipyard:  New York  ShipbuildingLaid Down:  January 20, 1915Launched:  June 30, 1917Commissioned:  March 24, 1919Fate:  Sold for scrap Specifications (as built) Displacement:  32,000 tonsLength:  624  ft.Beam:  97.4 ft.Draft:  30 ft.Propulsion:  Geared  turbines turning 4 propellersSpeed:  21  knotsComplement:  1,081  men Armament 12  Ãƒâ€" 14 in. gun (4  Ãƒâ€" 3)14 Ãâ€" 5 in. guns2 Ãâ€" 21 in. torpedo tubes Design Construction Having conceived and moved forward with five classes of dreadnought battleships (,  ,  ,  Wyoming, and  New York), the US Navy concluded that future designs should utilize of a set of common tactical and operational traits.   This would allow these vessels to operate together in combat and would simplify logistics.   Designated the Standard-type, the next five classes were propelled by  oil-fired boilers instead of coal, did away with amidships turrets, and carried an â€Å"all or nothing† armor scheme.   Among these alterations, the change to oil was made with the goal of increasing the vessel’s range as the US Navy believed that this would be critical in any future naval war with Japan.   The new all or nothing armor approach called for key  areas of the battleship, such as magazines and engineering, to be heavily protected while less important spaces were left unarmored.   Also, Standard-type battleships were to be capable of a  minimum top sp eed of 21 knots and have a tactical turn radius of 700 yards or less.    The characteristics of the Standard-type were first employed in the  Nevada-  and  Pennsylvania-classes.   As a successor to the latter, the  New Mexico-class at first was envisioned as the US Navys first dreadnought design to mount 16 guns.   Due to extended arguments over designs and rising costs, the Secretary of the Navy elected to forgo using the new guns and ordered that the new type to replicate the  Pennsylvania-class with only minor changes.   As a result, the three vessels  of the  New Mexico-class, USS  New Mexico  (BB-40), USS  Mississippi  (BB-41), and USS  Idaho  (BB-42), each carried a main battery of twelve 14 guns mounted in four triple turrets.   These were supported by a secondary armament of fourteen 5 guns.   While  New Mexico  received an experimental turbo-electric transmission as part of its power plant,  the other two battleships carried more traditional geared turbines.      Ã‚        Ã‚   The contract for construction of Idaho went to the New York Shipbuilding Company  in Camden, NJ and work commenced on January 20, 1915.   This proceeded over the next thirty months and on June 30, 1917, the new battleship slid down the ways with Henrietta Simons, granddaughter of Idaho Governor Moses Alexander, serving as sponsor.   As the United States had become engaged in World War I in April, workers pressed to complete the vessel.   Completed too late for the conflict, it entered commission on March 24, 1919, with Captain Carl T. Vogelgesang in command. Early Career Departing Philadelphia,  Idaho  steamed south and conducted a shakedown cruise off Cuba.   Returning north, it embarked Brazilian President Epitacio Pessoa at New York and carried him back to Rio de Janeiro.   Completing this voyage,  Idaho  shaped a course for the Panama Canal and proceeded on to Monterey, CA where it joined the Pacific Fleet.   Reviewed by President Woodrow Wilson in September, the battleship carried Secretary of the Interior John B. Payne and  Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels on an inspection tour of Alaska the following year.   Over the next five years,  Idaho  moved through routine training cycles and maneuvers with the Pacific Fleet.   In April 1925, it sailed for Hawaii where the battleship took part in war games before proceeding on to make goodwill visits to Samoa and New Zealand. Resuming training activities,  Idaho  operated from San Pedro, CA until 1931 when it received orders to proceed to Norfolk for a major modernization.   Arriving on September 30, the battleship entered the yard and had its secondary armament expanded, anti-torpedo bulges added, its superstructure altered, and new machinery installed.   Completed in October 1934,  Idaho  conducted a shakedown cruise in the Caribbean before proceeding back to San Pedro the following spring.   Conducting fleet maneuvers and war games over the next few years, it shifted to Pearl Harbor on July 1, 1940.   The following June, Idaho sailed for Hampton Roads to prepare for an assignment with the Neutrality Patrol.   Tasked with protecting the sea lanes in the western Atlantic from German submarines, it operated from Iceland.   It was there on December 7, 1941, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and the United States entered World War II. World War II      Immediately dispatched with Mississippi to reinforce the shattered Pacific Fleet, Idaho reached Pearl Harbor on January 31, 1942.   For much of the year, it conducted exercises around Hawaii and the West Coast until entering Puget Sound Navy Yard in October.   While there the battleship received new guns and had its anti-aircraft armament enhanced.   Ordered to the Aleutians in April 1943, it provided naval gunfire support for American forces when they landed on Attu the following month.   After the island was recaptured, ​Idaho shifted to Kiska and aided in operations there until August.   Following  a stop in San Francisco in September, the battleship moved to the Gilbert Islands in November to aid in the landings on Makin Atoll.   Bombarding the atoll, it remained in the area until American forces eliminated Japanese resistance.    On January 31, Idaho supported the invasion of Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands.   Aiding the Marines ashore until February 5, it then departed to strike other nearby islands before steaming south to bombard Kavieng, New Ireland.   Pressing on to Australia, the battleship made a brief visit before returning north as an escort for a group of escort carriers.   Reaching Kwajalein, Idaho  steamed on to the Marianas where it commenced a pre-invasion bombardment of Saipan on June 14.   Shortly thereafter, it moved on Guam where it struck targets around the island.   As the Battle of the Philippine Sea raged on June 19-20,  Idaho  protected the American transports and reserve forces.   Replenishing at Eniwetok, it returned to the Marianas in July to support the landings on Guam.    Moving to Espiritu Santo, Idaho underwent repairs in a floating dry dock in mid-August before joining American forces for the invasion of Peleliu in September.   Beginning  a bombardment of the island on September 12, it continued firing until September 24.   In need of an overhaul,  Idaho  left Peleliu and touched at Manus before proceeding on Puget Sound Navy Yard.   There it underwent repairs and had its anti-aircraft armament altered.   Following refresher training off California, the battleship sailed for Pearl Harbor before ultimately moving on to Iwo Jima.   Reaching the island in February, it joined in the pre-invasion bombardment and supported the landings on the 19th.   On March 7, Idaho  departed to prepare for the invasion of  Okinawa.    Final Actions Serving as the flagship of Bombardment Unit 4 in the Gunfire and Covering Group,  Idaho  reached Okinawa on March 25 and began attacking Japanese positions on the island.   Covering the landings on April 1, it endured numerous kamikaze attacks in the following days.   After downing five on April 12, the battleship sustained hull damage from a near miss.   Making temporary repairs, Idaho  was withdrawn and ordered to Guam.   Further repaired, it returned to Okinawa on May 22 and provided naval gunfire support to the troops ashore.   Departing on June 20, it shifted the Philippines where it was engaged in maneuvers in Leyte Gulf when the war ended on August 15.   Present in Tokyo Bay on September 2 when the Japanese surrendered aboard USS  Missouri  (BB-63),  Idaho  then sailed for the Norfolk.   Reaching that port on October 16, it remained idle for the next several months until being decommissioned on July 3, 1946.   Initially placed in reserve, Idaho  was sold for scrap on November 24, 1947.    Selected Sources: DANFS: USS  Idaho  (BB-42)NHHC: USS  Idaho  (BB-42)USS  Idaho  Pride

Georgian Speekle - A Giant Isopod

Georgian Speekle - A Giant Isopod The Georgian speekle is the name given to a giant isopod that was found in the state of Georgia in the United States. Photos of the monstrous-looking creature went viral on the internet, leading to comments like Fake! and Photoshop. However, the animal really does exist and yes, it really is over a foot long. Is an Isopod a Bug? No, the Georgian speekle is not an insect or a bug. One defining characteristic of an insect is that it has six legs. The speekle has many more than six appendages. A bug, on the other hand, belongs to the order Hemiptera and mostly resembles an insect, except it has hardened wings and sucking and piercing mouthparts. The speekle is a type of isopod. Isopods dont have wings, nor do they bite like bugs. While insects, bugs, and isopods are all types of arthropods, they are in separate groups. An isopod is  a type of crustacean, related to crabs and lobsters. Its closest land relatives are pill bugs or the common woodlouse. Of the 20 or so species of isopods, the largest is the giant isopod Bathynomus giganteus. How Big Is the Giant Isopod? While B. giganteus is an example of marine gigantism, its not particularly huge. Its not on the order of, say, a giant squid. A typical isopod is around 5 centimeters long (about 2 inches). An adult B. giganteus can be 17 to 50 centimeters (6.7 to 19.7 inches) long. While thats large enough to look scary, the isopod doesnt pose a threat to people or pets. Giant Isopod Facts B. giganteus lives in deep water, off the coast of Georgia (USA) to Brazil in the Atlantic, including the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Three other species of giant isopods are found in the Indo-Pacific, but none have been found in the East Pacific or East Atlantic. Because its habitat is largely unexplored, additional species may await discovery. Like other types of arthropods, isopods molt their chitin exoskeletons as they grow. They reproduce by laying eggs. Like other crustaceans, they have blue blood, which is really their circulatory fluid. The hemolymph is blue because it contains the copper-based pigment hemocyanin. Most photographs of isopods show them as gray or brown, but sometimes a sick animal appears blue. Although they look intimidating, isopods arent aggressive predators. Rather, they are opportunistic scavengers, mostly living on decaying organisms in the seas benthic zone. They have been observed eating carrion, as well as small fish and sponges. They use their four sets of jars to tear apart their food. Isopods have compound eyes that have over 4000 facets. Like cat eyes, isopod eyes feature a reflective layer at the back that reflects back light (the tapetum). This enhances their vision under dim conditions and also makes the eyes reflective if a light is shined on them. However, its dark in the depths, so isopods probably dont rely much on sight. Like shrimp, they use their antennae to explore their environment. The antennae house chemoreceptors which can be used to smell and taste molecules around them. Female isopods have a pouch called a marsupium that holds eggs until they are ready to hatch. Males have appendages called peenies and masculinae used transfer sperm to the female after she molts (when her shell is soft). Isopods have the largest eggs of any marine invertebrate, measuring about a centimeter or half an inch in length. Females bury themselves in sediment when they are brooding and stop eating. The eggs hatch into animals that look like their parents, except smaller and missing the last pair of legs. They gain the final appendages after they grow and molt. In addition to crawling along in the sediment, isopods are skillful swimmers. They can swim either right-side up or upside-down. Isopods in Captivity A few giant isopods have been kept in captivity. One specimen became famous because it wouldnt eat. This isopod appeared healthy, yet refused food for five years. It eventually died, but its unclear whether starvation is what killed it. Because isopods live on the sea floor, they can go a very long time before encountering a meal. Giant isopods at the Aquarium of the Pacific are fed dead mackerel. These isopods tend to eat four to ten times a year. When they eat, they gorge themselves to the point where they have trouble moving. Although the animals arent aggressive, they do bite. Handlers wear gloves when working with them. Like pillbugs, giant isopods curl up into a ball when threatened. This helps protective their vulnerable internal organs from attack. References Lowry, J. K. and Dempsey, K. (2006).  The giant deep-sea scavenger genus Bathynomus (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cirolanidae) in the Indo-West Pacific.  In: Richer de Forges, B. and Justone, J.-L. (eds.), Rà ©sultats des Compagnes Musortom, vol. 24. Mà ©moires du Musà ©um National d’Histoire Naturalle, Tome 193: 163–192. Gallagher, Jack (2013-02-26). Aquariums deep-sea isopod hasnt eaten for over four years. The Japan Times.  retrieved 02/17/2017

Elements of Religion and Alternative paths Essay

Elements of Religion and Alternative paths - Essay Example To begin with, one should point out that I consider myself to be a Christian. That is why I participate in some of the rituals that are characteristic to this religion. For example, I was baptized. In spite of the fact that I was too young to do make a conscious decision about it, at the present moment I consider this to be an important even in my life. I also go to services from time to time which means that I participate in rituals that were established by my religion. In addition to that, my religious belief manifests itself in a widely developed ethical system that allows me to find correct ways to behave in some of the most difficult situations. Indeed, whenever I am faced with a choice which involved many different aspects to consider, I judge the decision that I would like to make against ethical guidelines that are preached by my religion, determining if I will be able to comply with them in case I make a particular decision. I would like to note that there were many instance s when my religion allowed me to choose the best option. Finally, it would not be a mistake to argue that community as well as the sense of it plays an important role in my religion. Thus, I primarily see the latter is a shared ground for different people to unite and work out a common understanding of the world that can hardly be explained in a one dimensional way. If one takes a close look at my religious belief, one will be able to see that some of elements of it outweigh other. For example, I put big emphasis on practical (ethical system) and social aspects (community), while the central myths that are promoted are not as important for me since I acknowledge that their major function is to create symbolic value. In other words, I am far more interested in elements that are able to help be on a daily basis, rather than some abstract notions that differ my religions beliefs for other. Now, it may be quite suitable to turn to the

American Imperialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Imperialism - Essay Example The term imperialism is almost exclusively associated with colonial exploits of major European powers such as Britain, France and Germany in the West; and China and Japan in the East. Although a late joiner of the imperial club, the United States is by far the most dominant in this group. With the entity called the United States of America having emerged only toward the end of the eighteenth century, it was only in the subsequent centuries it meaningfully expressed its imperial goals. The perception of the United States as an imperialist state was first mooted in the early part of the nineteenth century and the outbreak of the Spanish-American war in 1898 confirmed this fact. Indeed, the final years of the 19th century saw the peaking of American imperialist aggression as it occupied Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippine Islands – the latter two eventually becoming American colonies. (Lens & Zinn, 2003) The early indicators of imperialist tendency can be found in the founding d ocuments of the country. Even luminaries such as Thomas Jefferson have articulated an imperialist vision for the United States in no unclear terms. The annexation of Louisiana in the eighteenth century is seen as the first act of this vision. ... Empire expansion was also projected as benign and compassionate, for Christian missionary work was invariably associated with it. Propaganda also had it that the standards of living of subjects of the empire will eventually rise. On the whole, imperialist enterprise was promoted using these vapid and empty slogans and motives. (Lens & Zinn, 2003) Recognizing the duplicity and dubiousness of these claims, intellectuals both within and outside the country started expressing their discontent. The ruthlessness and gruesomeness with which Filipino uprising was crushed evoked shock and anger among some of America's illustrious citizens including Andrew Carnegie and William James. It is in this context that they founded American Anti-Imperialist League in 1899. â€Å"We hold that the policy known as imperialism is hostile to liberty and tends toward militarism, an evil from which it has been our glory to be free. We regret that it has become necessary in the land of Washington and Lincoln to reaffirm that all men, of whatever race or color, are entitled to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. We maintain that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. We insist that the subjugation of any people is "criminal aggression" and open disloyalty to the distinctive principles of our Government.† ( Platform of the American Anti-imperialist League, 1913, p.77) The League might have been promoted by well-known leaders of the American cultural landscape, but it had the backing of numerous lesser-known liberals. The identification of American foreign policy as imperialist might seem politically radical for a modern reader, but during the 19th century there was a vibrant Left-Liberal tradition in American political discourse. Trade unions could be

Emil Durkheim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emil Durkheim - Essay Example A change in any part is seen as leading to a certain degree of imbalance, which in turn results in changes in other parts of the system and to some extent to a reorganization of the system as a whole. The development of functionalism was based on the model of the organic system found in the biological sciences. (Theodorson and Theodorson 1969, page 167) Accordingly, the three elements of functionalism are: 1) The general interrelatedness, or interdependence of the system's parts; 2) The existence of a "normal" state of affairs, or state of equilibrium, comparable to the normal or healthy state of an organism; and 3) The way that all the parts of the system reorganize to bring things back to normal. In analyzing how social systems maintain and restore equilibrium, functionalists tend to use shared values or generally accepted standards of desirability as a central concept. Value consensus means that individuals will be morally committed to their society. The emphasis on values is the second most important feature of functionalism. As such, it contrasts directly with the other major macro-sociological perspective, the conflict theory. Whereas functionalism emphasizes the unity of society and what its members share, conflict theorists stress the divisions within a society and the struggles that arise out of people's pursuits of their different material interests. (Wallace and Wolf 1999, page 19) The Collective Conscience (later called Collective Representations). Another key theory that Durkheim developed was The Collective Conscience. In his own words - Of the totality of beliefs and sentiments common to average citizens of the same society that forms a determinate system which has its own life, one may call it the collective or common conscience (Durkheim [1893] 1947, pages 79-80). People are born into the collective conscience, and it regulates their perceptions and behavior. What Durkheim was denoting with the concept of collective conscience, then, is that social systems evidence systems of ideas, such as values, beliefs, and norms that constrain the thoughts and actions of individuals. Durkheim was concerned with morality and moral facts. This area is now termed culture. Durkheim was concerned with the systems of symbols - particularly the norms, values, and beliefs - that humans create and use to organize their activities. In the course of his analysis of the collective conscience, Durkheim conceptualized its varying states as having four variables: 1) Volume, which denotes the degree to which the values, beliefs, and rules of the collective conscience are shared by the members of a society; 2) Intensity, which indicates the extent to which the collective conscience has power to guide a person's thoughts and actions; 3) Determinateness, which denotes the degree of clarity in the components of the collective conscience; and 4) Content, which pertains to the ratio of religious to purely secular symbolism in the collective conscience. Functionalism in action. Functionalism is macro-sociology. An airport is an example of the interrelatedness expressed within the functionalism framework. There are the pilots, maintenance crews, air traffic controllers, baggage handlers, and ticketing and reservation personnel .What could cause "disequilibrium" of the airport

Concepts of Accounting for Goodwill | Literature Review

Concepts of Accounting for Goodwill | Literature Review Accounting Goodwill Treatment Introduction Arnold, J., Egginton, D., Kirkham, L., Macve, R. and Peasnell, K., ‘Theoretical Considerations’, in Goodwill and Other Intangibles, The Research Board, London, pp3-18. According to the authors, financial reporting of goodwill has assumed importance just recently. In its earlier definition goodwill just meant customer loyalty. They attribute two main reasons for the increase in goodwill’s importance. First is the increase in merger and acquisition (MA) activities in the market and second is the rising stock market. This has created a wide gap between the book value and market value and also between the fair value and paid value of assets of a firm. As a result, the increasing importance of recognition, valuing and accounting of goodwill was widely felt. Definition Catlett, G. and Olson, N. 1968, ‘Accounting Research Study no 10’, Accounting for Goodwill, American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, New York, pp.1-21. The authors have taken Accounting Research Study no.5 by the Accounting Principles Board as a base for their study on Accounting for Goodwill. In their study, they say that the definition of goodwill has evolved and changed over time to reflect the true picture of its nature. Goodwill is difficult to measure and its accounting treatment is also very controversial. They have included the definition of goodwill from the Webster’s Third New International Dictionary. It defines goodwill as ‘the capitalized value of the excess of estimated future profits of a business over the rate of return on capital considered normal in the related industry’. In general, goodwill is a result of good reputation of the firm in the market. Superior quality goods and customer service, integrity and efficiency of management, good employee relations and many other factors helps a company earn goodwill. Nowadays, technological advantages, efficient manufacturing process, ability to raise finance also assume great importance. The earning power of goodwill is the most relevant concept as of today. Different Concepts Gynther, R. 1969, [Abstract of ‘Some â€Å"Conceptualizing† on Goodwill’, The Accounting Review, vol. 44, no. 2, pp.247-255], [Electronic], Available: JSTOR [2007, Nov 11]. Gynther has cited two main concepts of goodwill, the ‘residuum concept’ and the ‘future excess profits concept’. Under the residuum concept, goodwill is measured as a difference between purchase price and book value of a company’s assets. Goodwill is the residual value after taking into account all the tangible and identifiable intangible assets. According to future excess profits concept, goodwill is the present value of all the excess profits expected in the future, over and above the normal/average profits in the industry. It is difficult to measure goodwill using this concept as there is no certainty of the future profits. Nature and Characteristics Arnold, J., Egginton D., Kirkham, L., Macve, R. and Peasnell, K., ‘Theoretical Considerations’, in Goodwill and Other Intangibles, The Research Board, London, pp.18. Goodwill can be of two types. Goodwill can either be internally generated or purchased. Goodwill is said to be internally generated when a firm earns super profits. On the other hand, purchased goodwill is a result of merger and acquisition activities. However, goodwill is accounted only when a business is purchased or sold. Internally generated goodwill cannot be accounted otherwise. Catlett, G. and Olson, N. 1968, ‘Accounting Research Study no 10’, Accounting for Goodwill, American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, New York, pp.20-21. The value of goodwill cannot be directly attributed to a particular cost. Goodwill is sometimes created due to favorable conditions and certain other factors, and sometimes even without any efforts by a company. The value of goodwill is directly attached to a business. It cannot be separated and sold differently. Several factors can affect the value of goodwill. As such, the value of goodwill may rise or fall due to changes in those factors. The investors’ perception reflected in the stock prices forms the base for calculating goodwill. Treatments of goodwill Non-purchased goodwill Walker, G. T. 1938, [Abstract of ‘Non-purchased Goodwill’, The Accounting Review, Vol. 13, No. 3. pp. 253-259], [Electronic], Available: JSTOR Arts and Sciences 4 [2007, Nov 11]. In this paper Walker argued that almost all the accountants agree that non-purchased goodwill should not be recognized in account. â€Å"They are fully aware that goodwill created by a concern is just as valuable and in most instances, more valuable- to that concern than to the firm which might make a specific purchase of that goodwill†. Montgomery has pointed out this view in his Financial Handbook that goodwill may have economic value even without being purchased by another entity. But it was considered to be bad practice to record goodwill on the books since many frauds happened in the early days, when the term goodwill was freely used. Seetharaman, A., Balachandra, M. and Saravanan, A.S. 2004, [Abstract of ‘Accounting treatment of goodwill: yesterday, today and tomorrow: Problems and prospects in the international perspective’, Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 5, Iss. 1, pp. 131-153], [Electronic], Available: Proquest ABI/INFORM [2007, Nov 11]. Seetharaman also argued in the article that only purchased goodwill is acknowledged for accounting purpose. Although, in reality, with the development of the relationship with suppliers, customers and the work force, all the business generate internal goodwill as they grow. But it seems that no attempt was made to account for non-purchased goodwill. Lee (2004) gave the reasons why there is no accounting for non-purchase goodwill: (1) The accountants adopt conservative view, together with the fear that internally generated goodwill may turn out to be a fictitious asset in order to make the balance sheet look better. (2) Certain accounting rules such as historical cost, objectivity and verifiability are extremely difficult to apply in accounting for non-purchased goodwill in practice. (3) It is difficult to revalue non-purchased goodwill annually. Some assumptions have been made to carry out the test, such as the estimation of future profits and of what should be a reasonable rate of return for a particular business. (4) The business costs which attribute to the value of goodwill are difficult to measure. For instance, it is difficult to bifurcate which part of the cost of RD or advertising expenditure contributed to the sales that in turn generated goodwill. Purchased goodwill 1. Immediately write off For: Hughes, H, P. 1982, ‘Goodwill in Accounting: A History of the Issues and Problems’, United States of America. Under this method, goodwill is immediately written off against an account in the equity part, generally retained earnings. Hughes presented in this book that the fundamental concern about immediately write off treatment is that goodwill was not an asset. Spacek expressed the view that the total expenditure of buying an entity or business over the fair value of the company is â€Å"a cost to the buyer of earning over and above the cost of the assets required to produce those earnings†. And Spacek points out that goodwill may generate future economic benefits, but those benefits are not secured (Cited in Hughes, 1982). Massoud, F. 2003, [Abstract of ‘Accounting for goodwill: Are we better off?’] Review of Business,Vol.24, Iss.2, p.26], [Electronic],Available: Proquest ABI/INFORM [2007, Nov 11] Spacek’s view is supported by the idea that goodwill is neither something that can be really used, nor it can produce earnings. But, it represented the investors’ appraisals of earnings or expectations of earnings. In such case, goodwill carried a risk of facing wide fluctuations which related to the investors’ decision. Therefore, the value of goodwill has no reliable or continuing relation to costs incurred in its creation, its purchase or its maintenance.

Convincing Q? Essay example -- Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Convincing Q? Voting on a proposition banning genetic engineering seemed odd to me, but to the voters in the county of San Luis Obispo (SLO) on 2 November 2004 it was just another proposal on the ballot. This proposition, known as Measure Q shall make it â€Å"unlawful for any person or entity to propagate, cultivate, raise, or grow genetically engineered organisms in San Luis Obispo County.† This law was proposed after the proponents for Measure Q claimed that â€Å"the people of San Luis Obispo County wish to protect the county’s agriculture, environment, economy, and private property from genetic pollution by genetically engineered organisms until all the risks associated with these organisms are fully understood.† The only exemptions in the measure allow â€Å"a fully accredited college or university to engage in scientific research or education using genetically engineered organisms† and do not prevent health care professionals from providing â€Å"any diagnosis, care, or treatment to any patient.† On the sample ballot was a section entitled â€Å"Argument In Favor Of Measure Q-04.† This argument makes a good case, but it lacks the clarity to be convincing. â€Å"Argument In Favor Of Measure Q-04† emphasizes the negative effects of genetic engineering on the agriculture in SLO County. The claim of this argument is that genetically engineered (GE) crops are bad for the agriculture of SLO County. The first reason given in support of the claim of â€Å"Argument In Favor Of Measure Q-04† is â€Å"keeping SLO County free of genetically engineered (GE) crops maintains our [SLO County’s] strong agricultural economy.† This reason is supported by evidence pertaining to the agricultural economy of SLO County. The argument states... ... might be convincing. However, it emphasized the line of evidence that GE crops can contaminate â€Å"pure† crops stating neither how the conventional crops were contaminated nor what was meant by the term â€Å"contaminated.† Due to this uncertainty, this main support of the argument lacked the clarity to be convincing. Therefore, I am still undecided on Measure Q[SM1] . Nice job for your first draft. The use of terminology and the division of topics and paragraphs clarifies the elements of the argument. Your critique of the word contaminates is original and compelling. In addition to the specific corrections noted, it would be worthwhile for you to look at the supports and evidence in light of the critiques and counters offered by the opponents on their ballot argument and elsewhere and compare them with the rebuttals of those critiques offered by defenders.

Great Expectations – Charles Dickens

The evolution of a person can be complicated when one has â€Å"great expectations. † In Charles Dickens’ finest novel, â€Å"Great Expectations,† a young boy named Phillip Pirrup known as Pip who’s great expectations are a dramatized exploration of human growth and the pressures that distort the potential of an ordinary individual, especially in the process of growing up. Pip is a simple blacksmith’s boy who aspires to cross social boundaries when he realizes his own upbringing is common; however, he has no means to change; mysteriously, he is given the means, but wealth only brings him arrogance. He learns that happiness in life can be achieved only by hard work and the great expectations not grounded in reality can only lead to tragedy and heartache. Uncommonness on the inside is more important than uncommoness on the outside. Pip progresses through three stages of life, all of which he goes through different goals. In Pip’s first stage of life he is an innocent boy with a good heart, whose goals are to be apprenticed as a blacksmith with his friend and guardian, Joe Gargery. Perhaps, he doesn’t have very many goals as a seven-year-old because he doesn’t know what the world has to impact upon him. This shows that Joe is a role model to Pip and is a factor of his life. In Pip’s second stage of life, his goals change a bit to which makes him change his attitude toward his loved ones; he meets Estella, a rich snobby, but beautiful girl, whom rejects Pip, therefore Pip has a goal to become a gentleman to be in the company of Estella. This shows that Estella is an influence to his goals and affects his attitude in life. This also reveals that Pip becomes arrogant because of the predominance of Estella because he wants to be at the same level as her to with her. Pip’s third stage in life has soon to come, his goal is to still be with Estella, but mostly he wants to help out his benefactor, Abel Magwitch, known as the â€Å"convict;† he also learns that his expectations are all one big sham. This shows how is attitude has changed from a cold hearted arrogant person to a warm hearted caring person. This also reveals that he has to help his benefactor in order to feel a level of satisfaction. Ultimately, Pip learns that his goal in life is out of reach and is full of haughtiness. Undergoing his three stages of life, he has many different values toward himself and others. In Pip’s first stage, his values are very primitive, the only values he has is for Joe, his values for Joe are very father-son like, he feels equal to Joe. Perhaps, Pip has very primitive values because he has very little knowledge about how life works. This also reveals that he might have felt this value because of the way Joe treated Pip. In Pip’s second stage of life, his values for Joe change tremendously because of the money he receives while getting an education. This shows how money can change a person’s values for the people around him. This also reveals that he thinks he is better than Joe is because he is now wealthier and is high class. In Pip’s third stage of life his values change dramatically, he realizes how is arrogance and selfishness affect the way he treats other people, like the time he is disgusted to be educated by a convict. This shows how Pip and society put a tag on people and it can never change. This also reveals that Pip learns from his mistakes once it has backfired on himself. Pip’s values dramatically change, he learns from his mistakes and his worth of being a human become clear.

Twitter Case Analysis

To the average technologically advanced American, Twitter is one of the most visited social media sites. From a popularity contest standpoint, Twitter would be amongst the top winners; however, when evaluating Twitter from a business analytical aspect it might not be a lucrative business venture. The attractive attribute to Twitter Inc. is the fact the sites does not make any of its users pay. Twitter is designed to allow users to voice multiple thoughts, ideas, or share different information amongst the site’s visitor.Unlike Facebook, Twitters does not have multi-million dollar corporations using the site on a regular basis to market more potential users. Therefore, with a low revenue base and poor strategic development implementation plan it’s going to be hard for Twitter Inc. to grow into a lucrative corporate investment. From a consultant standpoint, many business analyses would characterize Twitter Inc. as a â€Å"dog†. A dog is considered to be a manâ€℠¢s best friend, however form a business outlook it could be the indication that a business is in their final stages of existence.When a product is evaluated as being a dog most business experts would describe the company as have a low or staggered growth rate and yielding no profits. Twitter has documented that it does not have enough money many times to meet the site’s operation cost. Many experts believe that Twitter needs to expand the company in order to see some financial gain. The only problem with expanding the company is most investors need some form of a positive indicator that they are going to get their money back along with interest. From an explicit view, why should money be invested in Twitter? Read also Twitter Case StudyNearly every expert has come to the same conclusion that a social media site is a risky investment. Primarily, this investment is risky because consumer taste change, and social media sites has a previous trend of not being in existence more than five to seven years. Twitter consumer base is narrow, and the differentiation of the market sector would just add the list of difficulties the company is currently trying to solve. Twitter has been segmented since the creation of the company; they tend to have a consumer base in the age group of 13 to 35 years of age. The age group of 13 to 35 tend to spend the most money, owever this consumer base taste tend to be very inconsistent. Twitter is experiencing a maturity phase. In the maturity phase, there is little growth and the profit margin has reached its highest peak. If present circumstances are any forecast of the future, Twitter Inc. is in the early portion of the declining stage. In the declining stage ther e is no growth and the company spread sheet starts to show the company in operating in the red or negative. My recommendation for Twitter is quite simple. Twitter Inc. needs to restructure their company and marketing scheme.They need to market the site for corporations to think it is worth the investment to advertise. Twitter need to find sponsors to give financial support to a new site design, better advertisement, and also creating partnerships. Twitter Inc. needs to reposition itself to look more like a corporate media site and not a site for teens to release trash gossip. In the segmentation of the market, Twitter should segment the market for mature users and teens. In the segmentation they may have one side that focus on corporate sponsors and the other side should focus on alternative financial support.Additionally, it would be interesting to experiment with the merging of Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. All of these social media sites would cover the different segmentation of the market, which would give them the advantages of reaching from the youngest to oldest of users. These social media sites would allow users to upload thoughts, ideas, statements, and pictures to a single site. From a financial standpoint, there would be a large revenue base because of advertisement and sponsors trying to penetrate this lucrative market.Contrastingly, the only set back is the division of power and how would the profits be allocated in the new company corporate structure. Twitter has the fundamental basis of being an enjoyable, yet profitable company to own. However, Twitter needs to start making decisions that promotes growth and look to attract corporations to advertise on their site. Its time for Twitter to move on the matrix from a â€Å"dog† to a â€Å"cash cow†, and they will find there balance sheets doing more than breaking even. The segmentation and differentiation of markets will also help them find various area of potential success.

White-Tailed Deer Facts (Odocoileus virginianus)

White-Tailed Deer Facts (Odocoileus virginianus) The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) gets its name for the white fur on the underside of its tail, which it flashes when it senses a threat. The species includes several subspecies, such as the tiny Florida Key deer and the large northern white-tailed deer. Fast Facts: White-Tailed Deer Scientific Name: Odocoileus virginianusCommon Names: White-tailed deer, whitetail, Virginia deerBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 6-8 feetWeight: 88-300 poundsLifespan: 6-14 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: North, Central, and northern South AmericaPopulation: 10 millionConservation Status: Least Concern Description The white-tailed deer has a reddish-brown coat in the spring and summer and a gray-brown coat in autumn and winter. The species is easily recognized by the white underside of its tail. Deer have horizontally-slit pupils with dichromatic blue and yellow vision. They cannot readily distinguish between orange and red colors. Deer size depends on sex and habitat. On average, mature specimens range from 6 to 8 feet in length, with a shoulder height around 2 to 4 feet. Deer in colder climates are larger than those found closer to the equator. Mature males, called bucks, weigh 150 to 300 pounds, on average. Mature females, called hinds or does, range from 88 to 200 pounds. Bucks regrow antlers each year in spring and shed them after the breeding season in winter. Antler size and branching is determined by age, nutrition, and genetics. Habitat and Distribution White-tailed deer range from the Yukon in Canada through the United States (except Hawaii and Alaska) and Central America south to Brazil and Bolivia. In the United States, the black-tailed or mule deer displaces the white-tailed deer west of the Rocky Mountains. Climate change has allowed the white-tailed deer to expand its presence in Canada in recent years. White-tailed deer have been introduced into Europe and the Caribbean and are farmed in New Zealand. Deer have adapted to a variety of habitats, including urban environments. Diet Although sometimes seen during the day, deer primarily browse before dawn and after dusk. White-tailed deer eat plants, including grasses, legumes, leaves, shoots, cacti, corn, fruit, and acorns. They can eat mushrooms and poison ivy with no ill effects. Deer are ruminants, with a four-chambered stomach. The animal needs time to develop gut microbes to digest new food as its diet changes, so feeding deer a food that is not found in the wild may harm it. While white-tailed deer are primarily herbivores, they are also opportunistic predators that will take mice and birds. White-tailed deer flagging its tail. Jà ©rà ©mie LeBlond-Fontaine, Getty Images Behavior When threatened, a white-tailed deer stomps, snorts, and raises its tail or flags to show the white underside. This signals predator detection and alerts other deer. In addition to sound and body language, deer communicate by marking their territory with urine and scents produced by glands found on their head and legs. A typical deer range is less than a square mile. Females form family groups with a mother and her fawns. Males group with other males, but are solitary during mating season. Reproduction and Offspring The white-tailed deer breeding season, called the rut, occurs in autumn in October or November. Males spar with their antlers to compete for females. Females give birth to one to three spotted fawns in spring. The mother hides her fawns in vegetation, returning to nurse them four or five times a day. Young are weaned around 8 to 10 weeks of age. Bucks leave their mothers and mature at about 1.5 years of age. Does may become sexually mature at 6 months of age, but typically do not leave their mother or breed until their second year. The life expectancy of a white-tailed deer ranges from 6 to 14 years. White-tailed doe and her fawn. Daniel J. Cox, Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the conservation status of the white-tailed deer as least concern. The overall population is stable, although some subspecies are threatened. The Florida Key deer and Colombian white-tailed deer are both listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Deer are preyed upon by wolves, pumas, American alligators, bears, coyotes, lynx, bobcats, wolverines, and feral dogs. Eagles and crows may take fawns. However, the greatest threats come from habitat loss, overhunting, and motor vehicle collision. White-Tailed Deer and Humans Deer cause economic damage to farmers and pose a threat to motorists. They are hunted for game and sport and farmed for meat, pelts, and antlers. In some places, it is legal to keep white-tailed deer as pets. While captive deer are intelligent and affectionate, bucks may become aggressive and can cause serious injury. Sources Bildstein, Keith L. Why White-Tailed Deer Flag Their Tails. The American Naturalist. 121 (5): 709–715, May, 1983. doi:10.1086/284096Fulbright, Timothy Edward and J. Alfonso Ortega-S. White-tailed deer habitat: ecology and management on rangelands. Texas AM University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-58544-499-1.Gallina, S. and Arevalo, H. Lopez. Odocoileus virginianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T42394A22162580. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42394A22162580.enPost, Eric and Nils Stenseth. Large-Scale Climatic Fluctuation and Population Dynamics of Moose and White-Tailed Deer. Journal of Animal Ecology. 67 (4): 537–543, July, 1998. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00216.x

IMO Ballast Water Exchange and Performance Standards

IMO Ballast Water Exchange and Performance Standards In order to reduce damage from aquatic invasive species the International Maritime Organization (IMO) developed the â€Å"International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments†. The BWM convention began with the IMO’s Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) in 1991. Since then there have been many revisions. Some of these revisions were driven by advancing technology to remove unwanted organisms at flow rates that would not severely impact operations. Treatment of ballast water with the latest technology can meet standards at a rate of 2500 cubic meters (660,430 US Gallons) per hour. A large vessel may still take several hours per exchange to flush her ballast tanks at this rate. Flow rates and energy consumption must be acceptable to operators while producing no harmful effects on the environment. Ballast Water Standards There are two types of ballast water standards in the convention. Their differences are significant and they should not be directly compared. The first, Ballast Water Exchange, is based on specified distances and depths where a vessel may discharge. Ballast Water Performance is a standard based on the number of viable organisms allowed per unit of treated water. Some areas are instituting standards which exceed the IMO guidelines. Both California and the Great Lakes region of the United States have adopted stringent local guidelines. The US is one of many major shipping nations that have not signed the convention. Thirty nations who have a combined merchant gross tonnage of thirty-five percent of the global tonnage are needed to ratify the convention. Ballast Water Exchange The standard for ballast water exchange is fairly simple. A vessel must discharge foreign ballasts at a specified distance from shore and at a specified depth using a submerged discharge device. Regulation B-4 and D-1 of the BWM convention gives us the specifics. Exchange may take place 200 Nautical Miles (NM) from shore at a depth of 200 meters. If that is not possible for safety or other reasons then a vessel may use the next procedure.If neither of these scenarios is possible then a vessel may exchange â€Å"in an area designated by the port state†. While undertaking ballast water exchange a port state must not cause deviation or delay of a ship.Efficiency of exchange should be at least 95% of volume and must be repeated three times. Vessels which demonstrate high-efficiency exchanges may reduce the number of exchange cycles.Ballast Water Exchange should only be undertaken when the safety of the vessel and crew are guaranteed. Ballast Water Performance In the case of Ballast Water Exchange, ship operators are flushing untreated ballast out of the tanks. This is a practical if not perfect way of allowing older vessels to operate without the expense and logistical problems of ballast water treatment retrofits. New and retrofitted vessels are much less likely to transport unwanted species because the ballast water treatment systems eliminate a large proportion of the viable organisms from the ballast tanks before discharge. Systems like these significantly reduce the chances of unwanted species being introduced by inefficient exchange practices or in the event of an untreated near shore discharge for safety reasons. The IMO uses the following guidelines for the Ballast Water Exchange standard in regulation D-2. Ballast water must contain less than 10 viable organisms which are greater than or equal to 50 microns in size per cubic meter (264 US Gallons). For reference, 50 microns is about half the thickness of an average human hair.In addition, ballast water must contain less than 10 viable organisms that are less than 50 microns but greater than or equal to 10 microns per milliliter (1/1000th of a liter).Indicator Microbes may not exceed the following amounts; Vibrio Cholerae - less than 1 CFU (colony forming unit) per 100 Ml, E. Coli – less than 250 CFU per 100Ml, Enterococci – less than 100 CFU per 100Ml. Water treated to this standard is considered pure enough to discharge in most ports. These steps to re-mediate ballast water are only effective in the removal of unwanted organisms. It is still possible to carry toxins like copper and heavy metals often found in ports to other destinations in ballast water and these pollutants may concentrate in ballast tank sediment. Radioactive substances can also be transported in ballast but any serious cases would likely be found quickly by monitoring personnel.

How to Use Delphi to Build a Custom Windows Explorer

How to Use Delphi to Build a Custom Windows Explorer Windows Explorer is what you use in the Windows operating system to browse for files and folders. You can create a similar structure with Delphi so that the same content is populated within your programs user interface. Common dialog boxes are used in Delphi to open and save a file in an application. If you want to use customized file managers and directory browsing dialogs, you have to deal with file system Delphi components. The Win 3.1 VCL palette group includes several components that allow you to build your own custom File Open or File Save dialog box: TFileListBox, TDirectoryListBox, TDriveComboBox, and TFilterComboBox. Navigating Files The file system components allow us to select a drive, see the hierarchical directory structure of a disk, and see the names of the files in a given directory. All of the file system components are designed to work together. For example, your code checks what the user has done to, say, a DriveComboBox and then passes this information on to a DirectoryListBox. The changes in DirectoryListBox are then passed to a FileListBox in which the user can select the file(s) needed. Designing the Dialog Form Start a new Delphi application and select the Win 3.1 tab of the Component palette. Then do the following: Place one TFileListBox, TDirectoryListBox, TDriveComboBox, and TFilterComboBox component on a form, keeping all of their default namesAdd one TEdit (named FileNameEdit) and one TLabel (call it DirLabel).Include a few labels with captions, like File Name, Directory, List Files of Type, and Drives. To show the currently selected path as a string in a DirLabel components caption, assign the Labels name to the DirectoryListBoxs DirLabel property. If you want to display the selected filename in an EditBox (FileNameEdit), you have to assign the Edit objects Name (FileNameEdit) to the FileListBoxs FileEdit property. More Lines of Code When you have all the file system components on the form, you just have to set the DirectoryListBox.Drive property and the FileListBox.Directory property in order for the components to communicate and show what the user wants to see. For example, when the user selects a new drive, Delphi activates the DriveComboBox OnChange event handler. Make it look like this:   procedure TForm1.DriveComboBox1Change(Sender: TObject) ;beginDirectoryListBox1.Drive : DriveComboBox1.Drive;end; This code changes the display in the DirectoryListBox by activating its OnChange event Handler:   procedure TForm1.DirectoryListBox1Change(Sender: TObject) ;beginFileListBox1.Directory : DirectoryListBox1.Directory;end; In order to see what file the user has selected, you need to use the OnDblClick event of the FileListBox:   procedure TForm1.FileListBox1DblClick(Sender: TObject) ;beginShowmessage(Selected: FileListBox1.FileName) ;end; Remember that the Windows convention is to have a double-click choose the file, not a single click. This is important when you work with a FileListBox because using an arrow key to move through a FileListBox would call any OnClick handler that you have written. Filtering the Display Use a FilterComboBox to control the type of files that are displayed in a FileListBox. After setting the FilterComboBoxs FileList property to the name of a FileListBox, set the Filter property to the file types that you want to display. Heres a sample filter:   FilterComboBox1.Filter : All files (*.*)|*.* | Project files (*.dpr)|*.dpr | Pascal units (*.pas)|*.pas; Hints and Tips Setting the DirectoryListBox.Drive property and the FileListBox.Directory property (in the previously written OnChange event handlers) at runtime  can be also be done at design time. You can accomplish this kind of connection at design time by setting the following properties (from the Object Inspector): DriveComboBox1.DirList : DirectoryListBox1DirectoryListBox1.FileList : FileListBox1 Users can select multiple files in a FileListBox if its MultiSelect property is True. The following code shows how to create a list of multiple selections in a FileListBox and show it in a SimpleListBox (some ordinary ListBox control).   var k: integer;...with FileListBox1 doif SelCount 0 thenfor k:0 to Items.Count-1 doif Selected[k] thenSimpleListBox.Items.Add(Items[k]) ; To display full path names that are not shortened with an ellipsis, do not assign a Label object name to the DirLabel property of a DirectoryListBox. Instead, insert a Label into a form and set its caption property in the DirectoryListBoxs OnChange event to the DirectoryListBox.Directory property.