Common Peasants of the Middle essays

Common Peasants of the Middle essays The Common peasants of the Middle Ages had a rough and tedious life, many peasants were separated from their family among them included: sons, daughters, and wives as well as many peasants suffered from severe illnesses from disease they could not treat because they did not have the money nor the status to afford or see a doctor. Throughout the Middle Ages the peasants lived a rough life. Just the term "peasants" had the status of meaning to be under all the other classes; These were the lowest class of people someone could be. The peasants always worked for the higher class like the King and Queen. That was not the worst part of being a peasant. They rarely were around their family because usually the family is split up into different parts. You can't hardly have a women working the fields or the children hunting for the meat; that would bring down the production and efficiency. The Common peasants of the Middle Ages had a very tedious life. Many peasants suffered diseases and none had the money or the status to afford or see a doctor. They had little or no reason to live since they were always working for the higher The peasants had no real power nor authority in any matter. During times of war they could be called upon to do battle and if they refused, they would be killed. The peasants were forced to live in small crude huts and they had rough straw mats to sleep on. Their daily consumed dietary supplement included black bread, eggs, poultry, and vegetables; though the meat was rarely eaten since they did not have the money to buy it. They could not live off of the land and hunt the animals because it was illegal; hunting on the Lords land was a very strict rule and no peasant could impose on the Lord's game. The Lords were the overseers of the peasants and ...

Definition of the Biology Prefix Eu-

Definition of the Biology Prefix Eu- The prefix (eu-) means good, well, pleasant or true. It is derived from the Greek eu meaning well and eus meaning good. Examples Eubacteria (eu-bacteria) - kingdom in the bacteria domain. Bacteria are considered to be true bacteria, distinguishing them from archaebacteria. Eucalyptus (eu-calyptus) - a genus of evergreen tree, commonly called gum trees, that are used for wood, oil, and gum. They are so named because their flowers are well (eu-) covered (calyptus) by a protective cap. Euchromatin (eu-chroma-tin) - a less compact form of chromatin found in the cell nucleus. Chromatin decondenses to allow DNA replication and transcription to occur. It is called true chromatin because it is the active region of the genome. Eudiometer (eu-dio-meter) - an instrument designed to test the goodness of air. It is used to measure gas volumes in chemical reactions. Euglena (eu-glena) - single-celled protists with a true nucleus (eukaryote) that have characteristics of both plant and animal cells. Euglobulin (eu-globulin) - a class of proteins known as true globulins because they are soluble in saline solutions but insoluble in water. Eukaryote (eu-kary-ote) - organism with cells containing a true membrane bound nucleus. Eukaryotic cells include animal cells, plant cells, fungi and protists. Eupepsia (eu-pepsia) - describes good digestion due to having the appropriate amount of pepsin (gastric enzyme) in gastric juice. Euphenics (eu-phenics) - the practice of making physical or biological changes in order to address a genetic disorder. The term means good appearance and the technique involves making phenotypic changes that dont alter a persons genotype. Euphony (eu-phony) - agreeable sounds that are pleasing to the ear. Euphotic (eu-photic) - relating to the zone or layer of a body of water that is well lit and receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis to occur in plants. Euplasia (eu-plasia) - the normal condition or state of cells and tissues. Euploid (eu-ploid) - having the correct number of chromosomes that corresponds to an exact multiple of the haploid number in a species. Diploid cells in humans have 46 chromosomes, which is twice the number found in the haploid gametes. Eupnea (eu-pnea) - good or normal breathing that is sometimes referred to as quiet or unlabored breathing. Eurythermal (eu-ry-thermal) - having the ability to tolerate a wide range of environmental temperatures. Eurythmic (eu-rythmic) - having a harmonious or pleasing rhythm. Eustress (eu-stress) - a healthy or good level of stress that is considered beneficial. Euthanasia (eu-thanasia) - the practice of ending a life in order to alleviate suffering or pain. The word literally means a good death. Euthyroid (eu-thyroid) - the condition of having a well functioning thyroid gland. In contrast, having an overactive thyroid is known as hyperthyroidism and having an underactive thyroid is known as hypothyroidism. Eutrophy (eu-trophy) - the state of being healthy or having well balanced nutrition and development. Euvolemia (eu-vol-emia) - the state of having the proper amount of blood or fluid volume in the body.

Early Formation of Our Government The United States of America Essay

Early Formation of Our Government The United States of America - Essay Example The other was the belief in covenants. Puritans believed that covenants existed not only between God and man, but also between man and man. The Pilgrims had used covenants in establishing their congregations in the Old World. The Mayflower Compact is such a covenant in that the settlers agreed to form a government and be bound by its rules. X: A new tax was imposed on all the American colonists in 1765, which is known as the stamp act. This act states that all the American colonists should pay a tax on every piece of printed paper. The reason of the tax is to defend and protect the American frontier near the Appalachian Mountains, where 10, 000 troops were stationed to accomplish the task. "The actual cost of the Stamp Act was relatively small. What made the law so offensive to the colonists was not so much its immediate cost but the standard it seemed to set. In the past, taxes and duties on colonial trade had always been viewed as measures to regulate commerce, not to raise money". X: Yep, July 4, 1776 was the day when the unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America was passed. It is also considered the Independence day of America. The struggle which was started in the start of the eighteenth century was come to the end at a positive note. In a nutshell, Americans did a lot to get the independence from the colonists, who were not loyal to the people of North

Rights of the Accused Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rights of the Accused - Essay Example The chief controversy regarding â€Å"due process of law† rests on the Supreme Court’s application of the clause within the Fourteenth Amendment to pertain to guarantees contained in the Bill of Rights to states via the process of â€Å"incorporation† (Ramen, 2001). As such, the application of â€Å"liberty† relates to liberties and procedures outlined within the Bill of Rights, plus other rights, liberties, and conditions that may not necessarily be found within the Bill of Rights (Shea, 2011).   The â€Å"due process† clause guarantees that individuals accused of perpetrating crimes should be awarded a fair trial (Holmes & Ramen, 2012). The rights entail right to a jury trial, a presumption of innocence the prosecutors expected to prove guilt â€Å"beyond reasonable doubt (the utmost standard of attestation that exists within the legal system), the right to be indicted by a grand jury (5th), the right to counsel (6th), the right to a speedy and public trial, safeguard from brutal and extraordinary punishment (8th), the right against self-incrimination (5th) and protection from double-jeopardy (5th). Other â€Å"due process† guarantees encompass the right of the accused persons to face their accusers (6th), and the right to become aware of the charges against the defendant (6th) (Wilson, 2009).   The principle of the 4th Amendment is to refuse the Federal Government the power to conduct arbitrary searches and seizure of property. The Fifth Amendment demands that a citizen cannot be accused of a serious crime devoid of a grand jury investigation, besides outlawing double jeopardy (Ramen, 2001).

Pc vs Mac Essay Example for Free

Pc vs Mac Essay Which do you prefer? Many people are quick to choose a mac over a pc. But few take these variables into consideration. Pc’s run off a better, more reliant operating system, cheaper and better quality parts, and is compatible with a wide variety of software and games that the mac’s operating system cannot read. Before you chose read the essay, you might have a change of heart. Why might a person chose a pc over a mac and what kind of person does that make him? The Windows 7 operating system blows the mac’s operating system â€Å"Mountain Lion† out of the water. For starters the mac’s operating system is not as user friendly as its competitor Windows 7. Many people grew up with Windows and were taught how to work under that operating system. So the interface of Mountain Lion might seem counterintuitive. For example, the mac’s tricolor windows management buttons (red, yellow, and green) don’t work how you’d expect them to. When hitting the red button to close an application the application doesn’t actually close. It closes the window but the application is still running in the background taking up valuable space on your RAM. RAM stands for Random Access Memory and is one of the most important parts of your computer. The RAM’s main purpose is multitasking, the ability to run several programs and applications at a given time. So a user that is not familiar with the mac’s operating system would never know that their ability to multitask is hindered due to the unknowingly running application. Taking a look at another key component of the Windows 7 and Mountain Lion’s operating system is the dock and taskbar. The dock and taskbar is found at the bottom of the screen on both operating systems. Even the most ill-informed user knows what purpose the dock and task bar serves. The purpose is to launch applications easily and quickly. Both the dock and taskbar are customizable so the user can put whatever application or software that he/she uses most often. The Windows 7 taskbar and the mac’s dock are almost identical in appearances except for the size and positioning of the thumb nail shortcuts. In my opinion the mac’s dock is too cluttered and is hard to see what applications you currently have running on your computer. The Windows 7 taskbar is much more user friendly, clean and well organized; I have no problem seeing what I have running. The ability to multitask is very beneficial. Like I mentioned earlier RAM is a key component in what allows you to multitask. The more RAM you have and the better quality or speed of the RAM will determine how fast you can run application and how easily you can navigate them. RAM is very important in the ability to multitask but without the tools to do so RAM is pretty much useless. Think of it this way, the operating system is an outlet and the RAM is one of the many plugs. Each operating system comes with its own built in hot keys to activate shortcuts. A hot key is a combination of keys that provides quick access to a particular function. For example, Windows 7 Alt + Tab show you every application that is currently opened and gives you the option to switch between them. This allows for a very easy way to navigate between applications. Mac has a similar tool called mission control. Which with a hot key of your choosing let’s you view all of the applications that is currently opened. Windows 7 also has a feature that is extremely user friendly. It’s a feature that anybody that has used a pc or laptop running Windows 7 is familiar with. It’s called the snap feature. If the user wanted to view two applications or webpages at the same time he/she could just slap the application against the left or right side of the screen to resize it to fit exactly the left or right portion of your monitor. I personally use this feature all of the time when writing a paper that requires research. I have the application word taking up the right half of my monitor and whatever source I’m using for my research taking up the left half. This eliminates constantly having to switch between the two. The mac’s operating system does not have a feature like this. So in my opinion multitasking is much easier on Windows 7 rather than the mac’s Mountain Lion. As humans the number one contributing factor in what we buy is price and quality, â€Å"getting the most bang for your buck†. This is where pc’s shines. Mac’s are notorious for being extremely overpriced. The cost to quality of the product ratio is skewed in favor of the cost. But don’t take my word for it; let me give you an example. I looked up the cost of an iMac desktop computer and the specs of the computer off of Apple. com. I also looked up a random desktop computer running Windows 7 off of Dell. com and compared the two. The cost of the iMac is $1,300 and the specs are as follows; a 2. 7GHz quad core Intel core i5 processor, 8GB of 1600MHz RAM, and a 1 TB hard drive. The cost of the desktop off of Dell is $499. 99 and the specs are as follows; a 3. 2GHz quad core Intel core i5 processor, 8GB of 1600MHz RAM, and a 1 TB hard drive. Before I talk about the comparison ill briefly explain what the specs mean. The Intel i5 core is the processor that is on each computer and the GHz is how the speed of the processor is measured. The 1600MHz is the speed of the RAM that is on each computer. TB stands for Terabyte which is 1,000 GB or Gigabytes. So first let’s look at the similarities, both the iMac and desktop each have 8 gigs of 1600MHz RAM, a 1 TB hard drive, and they both have 4 cores. Now let’s look at where they differ. They both have the same brand of processor (Intel) and both are i5’s but the speeds are different. The iMac’s speed is 2. 7GHz compared to the desktops speed of 3. 2GHz, a difference of . 5 GHz. So after looking at the comparison as a whole both the iMac and Dell desktop are pretty similar except for the difference of the . 5GHz in favor of the desktop. So if both computers are pretty similar with the desktop being slightly better then why does the iMac cost $1,300 and the desktop cost $499. 99? It’s simple, because of the brand name. Apple can charge outrageous prices for an inferior product just because it has an apple on it and people will buy it, yet another reason why pc’s are better than mac’s. Also pc’s are cheaper because you can build your own! Unlike a mac you can build your own pc from scratch. You can buy every individual part including the tower and assemble it yourself. I’m sure you’re asking yourself, â€Å"Why would I want to build my computer when I could just buy it in one piece off the bat†? When buying the computer not assembled it’s much cheaper than buying it in one piece. When buying a computer fully assembled you’re paying for that luxury in labor costs. I myself have built my pc. I spend in total around $2500 on my pc and I bought each part individually. If I were to buy my computer fully assembled with the same parts and specs it would of cost me around $4500. So by spending a couple hours assembling the parts I saved $2000. There is no option in buying a mac in individual parts as it is too complex to build yourself without the assistance of machinery, yet another example on how pc’s are more user friendly than mac’s. Another reason to buy a pc over a mac is compatibility. For all those gamers out there a pc is for you! If you are a gamer than you probably know about steam if not let me explain. Steam is the biggest online retailer of pc games. They’re tens of thousands of games that are just a click away from being able to download and play. All of these games are only compatible for the Windows operating system. I’m sure there is similar websites for mac users but I guarantee that it won’t have even close to the selection that steam has. So if you’re a serious gamer there is no question, buy a pc. The result is the same if your look at the available apps you can download for each operating system. There are a decent number of apps available for Mountain Lion but there are thousands more on Windows. If you’re wondering why there is a much larger selection for Windows the answers simple, demand. The number of pc users far outweighs the number of mac users so this creates more demand to make games, software, and apps formatted for the Windows operating system. Sony Vegas is an example of a major piece of software that is only available Windows users and cannot be run on a mac. Now there are some downsides to having such a large amount of software, apps, games, and other downloadable content available to you. The downside is Windows users are much more susceptible to downloading a virus. It’s a good thing that Windows has advanced malware and virus protection such as Norton, Bitdefender, Kaspersky, and my personal favorite Avast. Those are just a few examples there are many more that will suite your needs. These virus protection programs will protect your computer from most if not all viruses. Throughout this essay I have expressed my opinion on whether to buy a pc or mac. I believe that the Windows operating system and pc is and forever will be superior to Mountain Lion and mac. I hope this essay will help people that are on the fence about buying a mac or pc. I hope this essay pushes you onto the correct side, the pc side! But that’s just my opinion, and many others. So which do you prefer?

Essay --

Over the course of a lifetime many individuals do not get the chance to reach 100 years old. There are many environmental influences as well as human behaviors that contribute to one’s expected life span. Citizens in today’s society are working towards extending their natural life. One’s personal health, well-being and overall life course are a few factors that play a major role in the aging process. This document is a biography of 100 year old Porcha Petteway’s life course. Personal data, accomplishments, professional agencies, jobs and careers held will be discussed. People she helped, her legacy, life during her senior years and daily regiments that assisted in reaching 100 will also be conversed. Finally, her end of life journey, activeness during her senior years along with contributing environmental influences and behaviors that extended her life span will also be revealed. Porcha Petteway was an African American female and devoted Christian with many accomplishments in her lifetime. An autobiography has been written detailing what life was like for her with an emphasis in her senior years. It is the year 2084 and Porcha Petteway has passed away at the age of 100. Up until the day she passed Porcha was married to her husband for 73 years. They had two children together both girls. The life event of marriage allowed her to obtain many financial resources than those of the single population. Being married allowed Porcha to participate in private pension plans due to their lifetime income being combined and much higher than usual. She was able to live a life full of greater satisfaction as an advantage of being married. As Porcha entered old age her family structure remained rich, certain, close and tight knit. She had an unp... ...self is to not stress over things beyond her control. There are many environmental influences as well as human behaviors that contribute to one’s expected life span. Health and lifestyle are two major factors that play a role in determining what life would be like during the senior years of life. There are many advantages to having a strong social support network that consists of caregivers paid and unpaid. Seniors with this tend to live longer, remain independent and stay active in their later years. Citizens in today’s society are living longer due to technology, medications and an overall healthier lifestyle. Many reach the age of 100 but the maximum human life span is 120 years old. One’s personal data, career choices, environmental influences and amount of active interactions will determine how those of the older population will experience the aging process.

Joe Christmas Essay

In the pursuit of an excellent account of racial and gender discrimination, William Faulkner and Jean Toomer both have significantly incorporated the strength of female characters that persist to have a depth in the soul of every story they created. William Faulkner’s Light in August is a novel of intense reflection on the issues of hatred for racial and gender identity in the South and the restricting beliefs of a Calvinistic religion. Considered as one of his best novels, the story depicts the orphan life of Joe Christmas, who thinks of himself as having a part-black blood because of a confusing historical descent. This vague past takes him into a rebellious and self-destructive journey towards self-discovery, eventually leading in his defeat caused by a devastating affair with a spinster named Joanna Burden. Joanna Burden portrays an in-depth character in the life of Joe Christmas and in the story as a whole. To begin with, Joanna is a middle-aged civil rights activist and spinster from the North who is known to have lived alone for time immemorial. A stranger to her fellow town folks, she continues to struggle for a better condition of the Negroes in the town of Jefferson since her father and grandfather were dedicated individuals to liberating the Negroes. People then accuse her as a lover of black men. This idea of social responsibility is passed on to Joanna until her growing up years. Initially described as pro-Negroes, the character of Joanna presents some surprising twists when she finds herself in a two-year relationship with Joe. Already tortured about his past, Joe is disappointed as he realizes that Joanna fails to accept him for his confusing black-white descent. Joanna’s indifference toward Joe’s ancestry seems to have contradicted her image as an advocate of Negro rights. During her fulfilling experience of sex with Joe, she particularly cries out his black race, obviously making such distinction in Joe’s bloodline: â€Å"Negro! Negro! Negro! † (Faulkner 260). Along the way when Joanna is finally feeling tired of this sexual experience with Joe, her voice depicted as â€Å"still, monotonous, sexless† (Faulkner 281), knowing that she is passed the phase of sexuality. Her confusion starts to overcome her whole being. She begins demanding for him to change his lifestyle. She asks him to get a job, pursue his educated, and most of all, to pray. Suddenly, Joe, too, feels disappointed on the turn-out of the relationship: â€Å"It was as though he had fallen into a sewer†¦ the sewer ran only by night† (Faulkner 256). But Joe refuses to pray, and Joanna decides to kill him: Over her nightdress she wore a shawl drawn down across her breast†¦ he saw her arms unfold and her right hand come forth from beneath the shawl. It held an old style†¦ revolver almost as long and heavier than a small rifle. But the shadow of it and of her arm and hand on the wall did not waver at all, the dow of both monstrous, the cocked hammer monstrous, back-hooked and viciously poised like the arched head of a snake†¦ (Faulkner 282). The climax of her plan only fails when the gun did not fire at him. Joanna is a definite example of two opposing ideas, of an irony that kills a society during that time. She is a living witness to two races that refuse to be linked to one another. She is an advocator and at the same time, a destroyer of the black race that her family has gone to love and stand up for. Much like the old Doc Hines, Joanna’s attempt to bring down Joe is perhaps more dangerous since hers is an attempt to erase Joe’s individuality and roots. On the other hand, Jean Toomer’s Fern, from the book collection of Cane, is in the beginning a representation of a beautiful and misunderstood black woman named Fernie May Rosen. However, the profound depiction of Fern is not only woman in such case, rather a lost identity of a nation and its people. In Toomer’s story, note how the narrator stresses on Fern’s Jewish descent: â€Å"Her nose was aquiline, Semitic. If you have heard a Jewish cantor sing, (14)†¦But at first sight of her I felt as if I heard a Jewish cantor sing. As if his singing rose above the unheard chorus of a folk-song†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (15). Fern is the ultimate epitome of the all-American race, and so is the salvation of humankind. She is the racial heritage that Toomer seeks to identify with in his pursuit for artistic expression. Also, some critics say that the story is more than a description of an inner spiritual experience of Fern with the narrator in the context of rural South. Instead, they both witness an experience in which the unreal border of self and the other subside. In the story, Fern is at first described as an easy woman whom black men find no happiness being with. Fern is described as being ignored by the white men in her society, just like Toomer’s personal experience of artistic and cultural dissatisfaction in a white community. And because of this, Toomer is fascinated by Fern’s character and the idea of it. Yet, a change of fate takes them in a mysterious longing for her beauty, especially the white male narrator of the story. The case is not with the blacks as victims of racial isolation, but instead the whites who are suffering from not having been a part of Fern. The narrator states that, â€Å"She did not deny them, yet the fact was that they were denied. A sort of superstition crept into their consciousness of her being somehow†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Toomer 14). Fern is the image of a sorrowful soul of the browbeaten minority, yet simply unattainable. She exemplifies the beautiful cultural identity that is difficult to maintain in a contemporary setting, the ancestral lineage that becomes vague with multi-cultural interactions and birthing lost in the passing of time. The ending of the story describes Fern as all the more mystified with the failing of any kind of understanding and hope for the world around her, her voice that nobody can understand until she faints. The readers are given a view of Fern to display a beauty as hers exists, but that is all. Both Faulkner and Toomer are obviously immersed on the issues of racial and gender discrimination as clearly symbolic in their female characters. In their roles, they pose as grave threats to the unending search of men to find personal identity in a discriminating society. They also present them as crazy and misunderstood women condemned by male-dominated culture. However, they eventually become icons of beauty for men to behold, which is vividly illustrated in Fern’s story: â€Å"Men are apt to idolize†¦ that which they cannot understand, especially if it be a woman† (Toomer 16). Another thing as a common ground for Faulkner and Toomer is how they showcase the theme of mankind’s inability to complement the soul, mind, and body through the eyes of a female character. Women, in their pursuit to find happiness and be accepting of its society, fail miserably in the arms of their so-called lovers. Despite the disparity of ways in interpreting these critical writings, the readers would delve inside the stories of its characters and come to a point of realization that both Faulkner and Toomer’s female characters are embodiment of the neglected and exhausted beauty of the dying black community, constantly struggling to find its way to achieving peace and harmony in an ever-changing world that is too complex to live in and understand. Or, simply say that these writings are lucid representations of the inescapable truth that lies in any man’s shared and sad destiny. Works Cited Faulkner, William. Light in August. Vintage Books: New York, 1959. Toomer, J. â€Å"Fern†. Cane. Liveright Publishing: New York, 1993. 14-17

Paper Tigers

Paper tigers Bianca 01 All our lives we are told succeed. To do something meaningful with our lives. To be the very best that we can be. But how do we achieve this satisfaction of a personal achievement? What are the key factors to help us succeed? And why are some unable to achieve such success. We keep such strong ties within our ego centered networks and this will restrict from developing the social skills we need to break through our own bamboo ceilings.Risks need to be taken, social interaction needs to happen, and you need to be the best of the best. Wesley Yangs writing, â€Å"Paper Tigers†, shows how Asian Americans are unable to achieve this high success that they want to achieve. We can take his advice written for Asian Americans and intertwine it with ideas from Malcom Gladwell and his writing, â€Å"Small Change†, and Rebekah Nathan's writing â€Å"Community and Diversity'. With insight from all three of these writers, we can achieve that success we all lon g for. At a young age, we were told to always listen to an authoritative figure.To not speak up and to keep our opinions to ourselves. Wesley Yang makes note of how this affects Asian Americans from advancing in the real world. He writes, â€Å"So let's say I go to meetings with you and I notice you never say anything. And I ask myself, ‘hmm, I wonder why you're not saying anything. Maybe it's because you don't know what we're talking about. That would be a good reason for not saying anything. Or maybe it's because you're not even interested in the subject matter. Or maybe you think the conversation is beneath you.So here I'm thinking, because you never say anything at meetings that you're either dumb, you don't care or you're arrogant. When maybe it's because you were taught when you were growing up that when the boss is talking, what are you supposed to be doing? Listening† (541). Being taught to listen, we listen. We do not ask questions that would help lead us on to success. We need to break away from these strong ties that we hold so close to us. They keep us from going the extra mile. Yes, we don't need to get rid of them completely. Paper Tigers By bduarte1211

USS Idaho BB-42 World War II Battleships

USS Idaho BB-42 World War II Battleships USS Idaho  (BB-42)   Overview Nation:  United StatesType:  BattleshipShipyard:  New York  ShipbuildingLaid Down:  January 20, 1915Launched:  June 30, 1917Commissioned:  March 24, 1919Fate:  Sold for scrap Specifications (as built) Displacement:  32,000 tonsLength:  624  ft.Beam:  97.4 ft.Draft:  30 ft.Propulsion:  Geared  turbines turning 4 propellersSpeed:  21  knotsComplement:  1,081  men Armament 12  Ãƒâ€" 14 in. gun (4  Ãƒâ€" 3)14 Ãâ€" 5 in. guns2 Ãâ€" 21 in. torpedo tubes Design Construction Having conceived and moved forward with five classes of dreadnought battleships (,  ,  ,  Wyoming, and  New York), the US Navy concluded that future designs should utilize of a set of common tactical and operational traits.   This would allow these vessels to operate together in combat and would simplify logistics.   Designated the Standard-type, the next five classes were propelled by  oil-fired boilers instead of coal, did away with amidships turrets, and carried an â€Å"all or nothing† armor scheme.   Among these alterations, the change to oil was made with the goal of increasing the vessel’s range as the US Navy believed that this would be critical in any future naval war with Japan.   The new all or nothing armor approach called for key  areas of the battleship, such as magazines and engineering, to be heavily protected while less important spaces were left unarmored.   Also, Standard-type battleships were to be capable of a  minimum top sp eed of 21 knots and have a tactical turn radius of 700 yards or less.    The characteristics of the Standard-type were first employed in the  Nevada-  and  Pennsylvania-classes.   As a successor to the latter, the  New Mexico-class at first was envisioned as the US Navys first dreadnought design to mount 16 guns.   Due to extended arguments over designs and rising costs, the Secretary of the Navy elected to forgo using the new guns and ordered that the new type to replicate the  Pennsylvania-class with only minor changes.   As a result, the three vessels  of the  New Mexico-class, USS  New Mexico  (BB-40), USS  Mississippi  (BB-41), and USS  Idaho  (BB-42), each carried a main battery of twelve 14 guns mounted in four triple turrets.   These were supported by a secondary armament of fourteen 5 guns.   While  New Mexico  received an experimental turbo-electric transmission as part of its power plant,  the other two battleships carried more traditional geared turbines.      Ã‚        Ã‚   The contract for construction of Idaho went to the New York Shipbuilding Company  in Camden, NJ and work commenced on January 20, 1915.   This proceeded over the next thirty months and on June 30, 1917, the new battleship slid down the ways with Henrietta Simons, granddaughter of Idaho Governor Moses Alexander, serving as sponsor.   As the United States had become engaged in World War I in April, workers pressed to complete the vessel.   Completed too late for the conflict, it entered commission on March 24, 1919, with Captain Carl T. Vogelgesang in command. Early Career Departing Philadelphia,  Idaho  steamed south and conducted a shakedown cruise off Cuba.   Returning north, it embarked Brazilian President Epitacio Pessoa at New York and carried him back to Rio de Janeiro.   Completing this voyage,  Idaho  shaped a course for the Panama Canal and proceeded on to Monterey, CA where it joined the Pacific Fleet.   Reviewed by President Woodrow Wilson in September, the battleship carried Secretary of the Interior John B. Payne and  Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels on an inspection tour of Alaska the following year.   Over the next five years,  Idaho  moved through routine training cycles and maneuvers with the Pacific Fleet.   In April 1925, it sailed for Hawaii where the battleship took part in war games before proceeding on to make goodwill visits to Samoa and New Zealand. Resuming training activities,  Idaho  operated from San Pedro, CA until 1931 when it received orders to proceed to Norfolk for a major modernization.   Arriving on September 30, the battleship entered the yard and had its secondary armament expanded, anti-torpedo bulges added, its superstructure altered, and new machinery installed.   Completed in October 1934,  Idaho  conducted a shakedown cruise in the Caribbean before proceeding back to San Pedro the following spring.   Conducting fleet maneuvers and war games over the next few years, it shifted to Pearl Harbor on July 1, 1940.   The following June, Idaho sailed for Hampton Roads to prepare for an assignment with the Neutrality Patrol.   Tasked with protecting the sea lanes in the western Atlantic from German submarines, it operated from Iceland.   It was there on December 7, 1941, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and the United States entered World War II. World War II      Immediately dispatched with Mississippi to reinforce the shattered Pacific Fleet, Idaho reached Pearl Harbor on January 31, 1942.   For much of the year, it conducted exercises around Hawaii and the West Coast until entering Puget Sound Navy Yard in October.   While there the battleship received new guns and had its anti-aircraft armament enhanced.   Ordered to the Aleutians in April 1943, it provided naval gunfire support for American forces when they landed on Attu the following month.   After the island was recaptured, ​Idaho shifted to Kiska and aided in operations there until August.   Following  a stop in San Francisco in September, the battleship moved to the Gilbert Islands in November to aid in the landings on Makin Atoll.   Bombarding the atoll, it remained in the area until American forces eliminated Japanese resistance.    On January 31, Idaho supported the invasion of Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands.   Aiding the Marines ashore until February 5, it then departed to strike other nearby islands before steaming south to bombard Kavieng, New Ireland.   Pressing on to Australia, the battleship made a brief visit before returning north as an escort for a group of escort carriers.   Reaching Kwajalein, Idaho  steamed on to the Marianas where it commenced a pre-invasion bombardment of Saipan on June 14.   Shortly thereafter, it moved on Guam where it struck targets around the island.   As the Battle of the Philippine Sea raged on June 19-20,  Idaho  protected the American transports and reserve forces.   Replenishing at Eniwetok, it returned to the Marianas in July to support the landings on Guam.    Moving to Espiritu Santo, Idaho underwent repairs in a floating dry dock in mid-August before joining American forces for the invasion of Peleliu in September.   Beginning  a bombardment of the island on September 12, it continued firing until September 24.   In need of an overhaul,  Idaho  left Peleliu and touched at Manus before proceeding on Puget Sound Navy Yard.   There it underwent repairs and had its anti-aircraft armament altered.   Following refresher training off California, the battleship sailed for Pearl Harbor before ultimately moving on to Iwo Jima.   Reaching the island in February, it joined in the pre-invasion bombardment and supported the landings on the 19th.   On March 7, Idaho  departed to prepare for the invasion of  Okinawa.    Final Actions Serving as the flagship of Bombardment Unit 4 in the Gunfire and Covering Group,  Idaho  reached Okinawa on March 25 and began attacking Japanese positions on the island.   Covering the landings on April 1, it endured numerous kamikaze attacks in the following days.   After downing five on April 12, the battleship sustained hull damage from a near miss.   Making temporary repairs, Idaho  was withdrawn and ordered to Guam.   Further repaired, it returned to Okinawa on May 22 and provided naval gunfire support to the troops ashore.   Departing on June 20, it shifted the Philippines where it was engaged in maneuvers in Leyte Gulf when the war ended on August 15.   Present in Tokyo Bay on September 2 when the Japanese surrendered aboard USS  Missouri  (BB-63),  Idaho  then sailed for the Norfolk.   Reaching that port on October 16, it remained idle for the next several months until being decommissioned on July 3, 1946.   Initially placed in reserve, Idaho  was sold for scrap on November 24, 1947.    Selected Sources: DANFS: USS  Idaho  (BB-42)NHHC: USS  Idaho  (BB-42)USS  Idaho  Pride

Georgian Speekle - A Giant Isopod

Georgian Speekle - A Giant Isopod The Georgian speekle is the name given to a giant isopod that was found in the state of Georgia in the United States. Photos of the monstrous-looking creature went viral on the internet, leading to comments like Fake! and Photoshop. However, the animal really does exist and yes, it really is over a foot long. Is an Isopod a Bug? No, the Georgian speekle is not an insect or a bug. One defining characteristic of an insect is that it has six legs. The speekle has many more than six appendages. A bug, on the other hand, belongs to the order Hemiptera and mostly resembles an insect, except it has hardened wings and sucking and piercing mouthparts. The speekle is a type of isopod. Isopods dont have wings, nor do they bite like bugs. While insects, bugs, and isopods are all types of arthropods, they are in separate groups. An isopod is  a type of crustacean, related to crabs and lobsters. Its closest land relatives are pill bugs or the common woodlouse. Of the 20 or so species of isopods, the largest is the giant isopod Bathynomus giganteus. How Big Is the Giant Isopod? While B. giganteus is an example of marine gigantism, its not particularly huge. Its not on the order of, say, a giant squid. A typical isopod is around 5 centimeters long (about 2 inches). An adult B. giganteus can be 17 to 50 centimeters (6.7 to 19.7 inches) long. While thats large enough to look scary, the isopod doesnt pose a threat to people or pets. Giant Isopod Facts B. giganteus lives in deep water, off the coast of Georgia (USA) to Brazil in the Atlantic, including the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Three other species of giant isopods are found in the Indo-Pacific, but none have been found in the East Pacific or East Atlantic. Because its habitat is largely unexplored, additional species may await discovery. Like other types of arthropods, isopods molt their chitin exoskeletons as they grow. They reproduce by laying eggs. Like other crustaceans, they have blue blood, which is really their circulatory fluid. The hemolymph is blue because it contains the copper-based pigment hemocyanin. Most photographs of isopods show them as gray or brown, but sometimes a sick animal appears blue. Although they look intimidating, isopods arent aggressive predators. Rather, they are opportunistic scavengers, mostly living on decaying organisms in the seas benthic zone. They have been observed eating carrion, as well as small fish and sponges. They use their four sets of jars to tear apart their food. Isopods have compound eyes that have over 4000 facets. Like cat eyes, isopod eyes feature a reflective layer at the back that reflects back light (the tapetum). This enhances their vision under dim conditions and also makes the eyes reflective if a light is shined on them. However, its dark in the depths, so isopods probably dont rely much on sight. Like shrimp, they use their antennae to explore their environment. The antennae house chemoreceptors which can be used to smell and taste molecules around them. Female isopods have a pouch called a marsupium that holds eggs until they are ready to hatch. Males have appendages called peenies and masculinae used transfer sperm to the female after she molts (when her shell is soft). Isopods have the largest eggs of any marine invertebrate, measuring about a centimeter or half an inch in length. Females bury themselves in sediment when they are brooding and stop eating. The eggs hatch into animals that look like their parents, except smaller and missing the last pair of legs. They gain the final appendages after they grow and molt. In addition to crawling along in the sediment, isopods are skillful swimmers. They can swim either right-side up or upside-down. Isopods in Captivity A few giant isopods have been kept in captivity. One specimen became famous because it wouldnt eat. This isopod appeared healthy, yet refused food for five years. It eventually died, but its unclear whether starvation is what killed it. Because isopods live on the sea floor, they can go a very long time before encountering a meal. Giant isopods at the Aquarium of the Pacific are fed dead mackerel. These isopods tend to eat four to ten times a year. When they eat, they gorge themselves to the point where they have trouble moving. Although the animals arent aggressive, they do bite. Handlers wear gloves when working with them. Like pillbugs, giant isopods curl up into a ball when threatened. This helps protective their vulnerable internal organs from attack. References Lowry, J. K. and Dempsey, K. (2006).  The giant deep-sea scavenger genus Bathynomus (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cirolanidae) in the Indo-West Pacific.  In: Richer de Forges, B. and Justone, J.-L. (eds.), Rà ©sultats des Compagnes Musortom, vol. 24. Mà ©moires du Musà ©um National d’Histoire Naturalle, Tome 193: 163–192. Gallagher, Jack (2013-02-26). Aquariums deep-sea isopod hasnt eaten for over four years. The Japan Times.  retrieved 02/17/2017

Elements of Religion and Alternative paths Essay

Elements of Religion and Alternative paths - Essay Example To begin with, one should point out that I consider myself to be a Christian. That is why I participate in some of the rituals that are characteristic to this religion. For example, I was baptized. In spite of the fact that I was too young to do make a conscious decision about it, at the present moment I consider this to be an important even in my life. I also go to services from time to time which means that I participate in rituals that were established by my religion. In addition to that, my religious belief manifests itself in a widely developed ethical system that allows me to find correct ways to behave in some of the most difficult situations. Indeed, whenever I am faced with a choice which involved many different aspects to consider, I judge the decision that I would like to make against ethical guidelines that are preached by my religion, determining if I will be able to comply with them in case I make a particular decision. I would like to note that there were many instance s when my religion allowed me to choose the best option. Finally, it would not be a mistake to argue that community as well as the sense of it plays an important role in my religion. Thus, I primarily see the latter is a shared ground for different people to unite and work out a common understanding of the world that can hardly be explained in a one dimensional way. If one takes a close look at my religious belief, one will be able to see that some of elements of it outweigh other. For example, I put big emphasis on practical (ethical system) and social aspects (community), while the central myths that are promoted are not as important for me since I acknowledge that their major function is to create symbolic value. In other words, I am far more interested in elements that are able to help be on a daily basis, rather than some abstract notions that differ my religions beliefs for other. Now, it may be quite suitable to turn to the